Pediatric Cardiovascular Disorders Reviewer

Question 1

What is the pathognomonic sign of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 1

Continuous machinery murmur.

Question 2

What causes PDA?

Answer 2

Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth.

Question 3

What are treatments for PDA?

Answer 3

Indomethacin or surgery.

Question 4

What is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Answer 4

A hole between the atria.

Question 5

How is ASD treated?

Answer 5

surgical patch closure.

Question 6

What is the pathognomonic sign of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

Answer 6

Harsh holosystolic murmur.

Question 7

What is VSD?

Answer 7

A hole between the ventricles.

Question 8

How is VSD treated?

Answer 8

Surgical repair and diuretics.

Question 9

What is Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)?

Answer 9

Incomplete fusion of endocardial cushions.

Question 10

What is the treatment for AVSD?

Answer 10

Surgery, diuretics, and digoxin.

Question 11

What is Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)?

Answer 11

Aorta and pulmonary artery are switched.

Question 12

What is the sign of TGA at birth?

Answer 12

Cyanosis at birth.

Question 13

What is the treatment for TGA?

Answer 13

Prostaglandin E1 and surgery.

Question 14

What is Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?

Answer 14

Pulmonary veins return to the wrong atrium.

Question 15

What is Truncus Arteriosus?

Answer 15

A single large vessel arises from both ventricles.

Question 16

A single large vessel arises from both ventricles.

Answer 16

Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 17

What are “Tet spells”?

Answer 17

Cyanosis relieved by squatting.

Question 18

How is TOF managed during a spell?

Answer 18

Knee-chest position, oxygen, morphine.

Question 19

What is Pulmonary Stenosis?

Answer 19

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve.

Question 20

How is Pulmonary Stenosis treated?

Answer 20

Balloon valvuloplasty or surgery.

Question 21

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 21

Narrowing of the aorta.

Question 22

What is a key sign of Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 22

BP is higher in upper extremities than lower.

Question 23

What is the treatment for Coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 23

Surgical resection or balloon angioplasty.

Question 23

What is Aortic Stenosis?

Answer 23

Narrowing of the aortic valve.

Question 23

How is Aortic Stenosis treated?

Answer 23

Balloon valvuloplasty.

Question 24

What is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

Answer 24

Underdeveloped left side of the heart.

Question 25

What is the skin color in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

Answer 25

Grey-blue skin.

Question 26

How is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome treated?

Answer 26

Prostaglandin E1 and multiple surgeries.

Question 27

What is Sinus Bradycardia?

Answer 27

Heart rate lower than normal for age.

Question 28

What is the treatment for symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia?

Answer 28

Atropine.

Question 29

What is Sinus Tachycardia?

Answer 29

Fast sinus rhythm.

Question 30

What is Sinus Arrhythmia?

Answer 30

Normal rhythm variation with breathing.

Question 31

What is Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)?

Answer 31

HR >220 bpm in infants; abnormal fast atrial rhythm.

Question 32

What is Atrial Flutter?

Answer 32

Rapid atrial contractions with sawtooth ECG pattern.

Question 33

How is SVT treated?

Answer 33

Vagal maneuvers, adenosine.

Question 34

What is Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)?

Answer 34

Fast rhythm from ventricles.

Question 35

How is VT treated?

Answer 35

Defibrillation, amiodarone.

Question 35

What is Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)?

Answer 35

Chaotic ventricular rhythm.

Question 35

What is the treatment for VF?

Answer 35

Immediate defibrillation.

Question 36

What is Torsades de Pointes?

Answer 36

Polymorphic VT with QT prolongation; twisting ECG pattern.

Question 36

How is Torsades de Pointes treated?

Answer 36

How is Torsades de Pointes treated?

Question 37

What is a key sign of Kawasaki Disease?

Answer 37

Strawberry tongue and cracked lips.

Question 38

What is Kawasaki Disease?

Answer 38

Vasculitis affecting coronary arteries.

Question 39

How is Kawasaki Disease treated?

Answer 39

IVIG and aspirin.

Question 39

What causes Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 39

Autoimmune reaction after strep infection.

Question 39

What is a sign of Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 39

Migratory joint pain.

Question 39

What is the treatment for Rheumatic Fever?

Answer 39

Penicillin and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Question 40

What is Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 40

Enlarged ventricles with poor contraction.

Question 41

What is the treatment for Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 41

ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers.

Question 42

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 42

Thickened heart muscle.

Question 43

What should be avoided in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 43

Sports and strenuous activity.

Question 44

What is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 44

Stiff heart walls.

Question 45

What is Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 45

Fat replaces right ventricular muscle.

Question 46

What is the treatment for Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 46

ICD placement and medications.

Question 47

What is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

Answer 47

Stress-induced transient LV dysfunction.

Question 48

What is Myocarditis?

Answer 48

Inflammation of the heart muscle.

Question 49

What is Pericarditis?

Answer 49

What is Pericarditis?

Question 49

What is Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 49

Infection of heart lining/valves.

Question 49

What relieves chest pain in Pericarditis?

Answer 49

Leaning forward.

Question 50

What are signs of Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 50

Splinter hemorrhages, Osler nodes.

Question 50

What is Hypertension in children?

Answer 50

Elevated BP for age.

Question 51

What is Dyslipidemia?

Answer 51

Abnormal blood lipid levels

Question 52

What is the treatment for Dyslipidemia?

Answer 52

Diet modification and statins if needed.

Question 52

Diet modification and statins if needed.

Answer 52

Lifestyle Modification