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USMLE Step 2 > Pediatrics: Pediatric Orthopedics > Flashcards

Pediatrics: Pediatric Orthopedics Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

Abnormal development of the acetabulum and proximal femur

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2
Q

How does Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip present

A

Mechanical instability of the hip

leg length discrepancy

Asymmetric inguinal folds

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3
Q

What age does Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip present

A

1st months of life

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4
Q

What maneuvers are used to screen for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

Ortolani

Barlow

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5
Q

How is the Ortolani maneuver performed

A

Hip Abducted while pushing trochanter anteriorly

Dislocated hip presents with a palpable clunk

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6
Q

How is the Barlow Maneuver performed

A

Hip adducted

Unstable hip presents with a palpable clunk

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7
Q

At what age do you stop screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

3 months of age

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8
Q

What imaging modality is used to confirm Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in patients <4 months of age

A

Ultrasound of the Hip
-bones are cartilaginous

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9
Q

What imaging modality is used to confirm Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in patients >4 months of age

A

X-Ray

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10
Q

What is the main treatment for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

Abduction Splint (Pavlik Harness)

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11
Q

What are other treatment options for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

Reduction

Surgery

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12
Q

What are possible complications of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A

Early OA

Avascular Necrosis

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13
Q

What is the most common hip disorder in adolescence (13 yrs)

A

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

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14
Q

What caused Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

A

The femur Epiphysis slips posteriorly

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15
Q

How does Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) Present

A

Groin pain and limp on affected side

Limited hip emotion

This is an orthopedic emergency

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16
Q

how do you diagnose Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

A

X-ray

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17
Q

What is the characteristic finding on X-ray in SCFE

A

Ice cream falling off cone

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18
Q

How do you treat SCFE

A

Surgical Femoral head Pinning

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19
Q

What is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis

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20
Q

What is the most common age for Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

6 years

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21
Q

What causes Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

Abnormal blood flow to the femoral head

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22
Q

How does Legg-Calves-Perthes Disease present

A

Painless limp

subacute/insidious onset over 1 month

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23
Q

How to diagnose Legg-Calves-Perthes Disease

A

MRI is more sensitive than X-ray

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24
Q

How to treat Legg-calve-Perthes disease

A

Avoid weight bearing
Splint
Rarely surgical
often resolves

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25
What is a potential complication of Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Early OA
26
How do you diagnose Scoliosis
Inspection Adams Forward Bend Test X-ray
27
What can Scoliosis lead to
chronic back pain and deformity Restrictive lung disease
28
What is treatment of Scoliosis based on
the Cobb angle
29
How do you treat smaller Cobb Angles <20 degrees
Observation
30
How do you treat Cobb angles between 20 and 50 degrees
Bracing
31
How do you treat larger Cobb angles >50 degrees
Surgery
32
What is Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Tibial Tuberosity Avulsion from overuse
33
What age range does Osgood-Schlatter disease most commonly occur
9-14
34
What causes Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Chronic avulsion (pulling)
35
How does Osgood-Schlatter Disease present
Pain and swelling at the tibial tubercle -insertion of patellar tendon -secondary ossification center of the tibia
36
How is Osgood-Schlatter Disease diagnosed
Clinical Diagnosis
37
How is Osgood-Schlatter Disease Treated
Self-limited
38
What is the most common Congenital Food deformity
metatarsus adductus
39
What is Metatarsus Adductus
Medial deviation of the forefoot (c-shape) Toes point inward
40
How do you treat Metatarsus Adductus
Usually resolves spontaneously
41
What is Talipes Equinovarus
Club Foot
42
What caused Talipes Equinovarus (Club foot)
deformity of the talus
43
How does Talipes Equinovarus (club foot) present
Medial deviation of forefoot Foot supination Plantar surface Turned inward
44
What are some non-isolated cases of Talipes Equinovarus (club foot)
Trisomy 18 Spina Bifida
45
How to treat Talipes Equinovarus
Stretching Casting and bracing -Ponseti method Achilles Tenotomy -after casting
46
What is Varus Lower extremity alignment
Bow-legged
47
What is valgus lower extremity alignment
knock-kneed
48
What lower extremity alignment is normal at birth
Varus (bow-legged)
49
What is the lower extremity alignment at 24 months
Neutral
50
What happens to lower extremity alignment after 24 months
Valgus
51
What age does Valgus alignment become maximal
4 years
52
At what age is lower extremity permanently established
7 years
53
What is the lower extremity alignment at 7 years
Slight Valgus
54
At what age is Genu Varum considered pathologic
after 3 years
55
What are 4 pathologic causes of Genu Varum
Blount Disease (most common) Skeletal Dysplasia Rickets Systemic Disease of bone
56
What is Blount Disease
Abnormal growth plates near the medial tibia
57
How do you diagnose Blount Disease
Clinical + X-ray
58
How do you treat Blount Disease
Bracing or Surgery
59
What are skeletal dysplasia
disorders of skeletal development -achondroplasia
60
What is Rickets
Ca, PO4, or Vit D deficiency leading to poor mineralization of bone in children
61
What is a classic finding of Rickets
Bowed Legs (Varus)
62
What is Pes Planus
Flat Feet
63
When do you need to evaluate Pes Planus (flat feet) in children
only if ROM is limited

USMLE Step 2 (40 decks)

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