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APUSH > Period 1: 1491-1607 > Flashcards

Period 1: 1491-1607 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What year is emphasized to represent pre-Columbian societies?

A

1491

This year is significant as it precedes Columbus’s arrival in the Americas.

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2
Q

In what year did Columbus arrive in the Caribbean, marking the beginning of European colonization?

A

1492

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3
Q

Who conquered the Aztecs and in what years did this occur?

A

Hernán Cortés, 1519–1521

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4
Q

Who conquered the Incas and in what years did this occur?

A

Francisco Pizarro, 1532–1533

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5
Q

What significant event marks the end of Period 1 in AP U.S. History?

A

Founding of Jamestown in 1607

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6
Q

Which Native American tribes are associated with the Southwest region?

A
  • Pueblo
  • Hopi
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7
Q

What were the living conditions of the Southwest Native American tribes?

A

Lived in cliff dwellings and adobe houses; used irrigation to farm maize

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8
Q

Which tribes are categorized under the Great Basin/Plains region?

A
  • Sioux
  • Cheyenne
  • Ute
  • Comanche
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9
Q

What lifestyle did the Great Basin/Plains tribes typically follow?

A

Nomadic hunters or semi-nomadic

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10
Q

What significant agricultural culture was present in the Southeast region?

A

Mississippian culture

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11
Q

Which tribes are associated with the Northeast/Great Lakes region?

A
  • Iroquois
  • Algonquian
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12
Q

What was the Iroquois Confederacy?

A

A powerful alliance of tribes with a matrilineal society

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13
Q

Who was Christopher Columbus?

A

Italian explorer who sailed for Spain in 1492

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14
Q

What was Bartolomé de las Casas known for?

A

Defending Native rights and criticizing Spanish brutality

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15
Q

What argument did Juan de Sepúlveda make regarding Native Americans?

A

Argued that Natives were inferior and should be enslaved

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16
Q

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

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17
Q

What were the key European contributions to the Columbian Exchange?

A
  • Horses
  • Wheat
  • Smallpox
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18
Q

What key items were introduced from the Americas in the Columbian Exchange?

A
  • Maize
  • Potatoes
  • Tomatoes
  • Syphilis
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19
Q

What is the Encomienda System?

A

Spanish granted land and Native labor in return for converting Natives to Christianity

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20
Q

What technological advancements facilitated longer sea voyages?

A
  • Compass
  • Caravel
  • Astrolabe
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21
Q

What was the Valladolid Debate?

A

The Valladolid Debate was a significant moral and theological discussion held in Valladolid, Spain, from 1550 to 1551. It focused on the justification for Spanish colonization and the treatment of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, specifically addressing whether their subjugation and conversion to Catholicism were morally permissible. (involved Le Casas vs. Sepulveda)

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22
Q

What was the theme of Theme 1 in APUSH regarding American and National Identity?

A

Early encounters shaped racial hierarchies

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23
Q

What does the Encomienda represent in the context of labor?

Study These Flashcards
A

Forced labor economy

24
Q

Which European country focused on the fur trade and had better relations with Natives?

25
What was the primary focus of Portugal during this period?
Africa and Brazil
26
What term describes a person of mixed Spanish and Native ancestry?
Mestizo
27
Fill in the blank: The three main Native crops are _____, beans, and squash.
corn
28
What does the term 'Casta system' refer to?
Spanish colonial racial hierarchy
29
True or False: The Spanish monarchy exerted decentralized control over its colonies.
False
30
What significant event did Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492 initiate?
The Columbian Exchange and the beginning of European colonization of the Americas.
31
True or False: The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
True
32
Fill in the blank: The _____ were a group of Native American tribes known for their advanced agricultural practices in the Mississippi River Valley.
Mississippians
33
Who was the first European to explore the southwestern United States?
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
34
What system did Spanish colonizers implement to control Native American labor?
The encomienda system
35
Which Native American civilization is known for building large earthen mounds?
The Mississippian culture
36
What was the primary motivation for European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?
The search for new trade routes and resources.
37
True or False: The Spanish established permanent settlements in the Americas before the French and English.
True
38
What was the main consequence of the introduction of European diseases to Native American populations?
A dramatic decline in Native American populations due to lack of immunity.
39
Which Native American tribe was located in the Southwest region and known for their adobe dwellings?
The Pueblo people
40
Fill in the blank: The _____ were the first Europeans to arrive in North America, reaching Newfoundland around the year 1000.
Vikings
41
What was the significance of the year 1607 in American history?
The establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America.
42
What was the primary crop that supported the economy of the Virginia colony?
Tobacco
43
Who was the leader of the Powhatan Confederacy during the early years of English settlement in Virginia?
Powhatan
44
True or False: The Spanish and Portuguese were the only European powers to colonize the Americas during this period.
False
45
What economic system characterized the early interactions between Europe and the Americas?
Mercantilism
46
Which group of Native Americans were primarily located in the Northeast and known for their longhouses?
The Iroquois Confederacy
47
Fill in the blank: The _____ was a Spanish expedition that aimed to find gold and convert Native Americans to Christianity.
conquistadors
48
What was one major outcome of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire?
The establishment of Spanish dominance in Mexico.
49
True or False: The French primarily focused on establishing agricultural colonies in North America.
False
50
What was the primary relationship between the French and Native Americans during the early colonization period?
Trade and alliances, particularly in the fur trade.
51
What was the role of the Catholic Church in Spanish colonization?
To convert Native Americans to Christianity and support colonial governance.
52
Fill in the blank: The _____ were the first permanent European settlers in Florida.
Spanish
53
Who was the English monarch who authorized the establishment of the Jamestown colony?
King James I
54
What was a key factor that led to the establishment of the Atlantic slave trade?
The labor shortages in the Americas due to the decline of Native populations.
55
True or False: The interactions between Europeans and Native Americans were primarily peaceful during this period.
False

APUSH (9 decks)

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