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Period 3: 1754 - 1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the theme of Period 3 (1754–1800) in AP U.S. History?

A

The American struggle for independence, the Revolutionary War, the creation of the U.S. government, and early national conflicts over the Constitution and federal power.

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2
Q

What was the French and Indian War?

A

A conflict between Britain and France (with Native American allies) over North American territory.

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3
Q

What was a turning point of the French and Indian War?

A

British victory at the Battle of Qubec in 1759

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4
Q

What significant event ended Salutary Neglect?

A

The French and Indian War led to increased British debt and taxation of colonies.

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5
Q

What is the Proclamation of 1763?

A

Colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachians.

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6
Q

What was the Sugar Act of 1764?

A

A tax on sugar and molasses.

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7
Q

What was the significance of the Stamp Act (1765)?

A

It was the first direct tax on paper goods, leading to widespread colonial protest.

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8
Q

What did the Quartering Act (1765) require?

A

Colonists to house British troops.

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9
Q

What was the Declaratory Act (1766)?

A

Parliament asserted its right to legislate ‘in all cases whatsoever.’

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10
Q

What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?

A

Taxes on glass, lead, and tea that led to boycotts.

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11
Q

What did the Tea Act of 1773 lead to?

A

The Boston Tea Party.

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12
Q

What were the Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774)?

A

Punishments for the Boston Tea Party.

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13
Q

What was the First Continental Congress (1774)?

A

A meeting delegates of 12/13 colonies had in response to the intolerable acts that the British had enforced

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14
Q

What does ‘No taxation without representation’ signify?

A

Colonial opposition to British taxes imposed without direct representation in Parliament.

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15
Q

Define Virtual Representation.

A

The idea that Parliament members represented all British subjects, regardless of their specific interests.

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16
Q

What was the significance of the battles of Lexington & Concord?

A

Marked the beginning of the American Revolution with the ‘shot heard ’round the world.’

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17
Q

What happened at the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)?

A

British won but suffered heavy losses.

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18
Q

Why is the Battle of Saratoga (1777) considered a turning point?

A

It convinced France to join the American cause.

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19
Q

What was the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown (1781)?

A

It was the final major battle where the British surrendered.

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20
Q

Who authored ‘Common Sense’ and what was its purpose?

A

Thomas Paine; it advocated for independence.

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21
Q

What is the Declaration of Independence?

A

A document primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson that declared the colonies’ independence from Britain.

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22
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris (1783) accomplish?

A

Officially ended the Revolutionary War and recognized U.S. independence.

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23
Q

What were the Articles of Confederation?

A

The first U.S. constitution that established a weak federal government.

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24
Q

What was the Northwest Ordinance (1787)?

A

A successful policy for admitting new states.

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25
What was Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787)?
A farmers' revolt in Massachusetts that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
26
Who were key figures at the Constitutional Convention (1787)?
James Madison, George Washington, and Alexander Hamilton.
27
What was the Great Compromise?
A bicameral legislature formed from the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
28
What was the 3/5 Compromise?
Slaves counted as 3/5 for representation and taxation purposes.
29
What are the principles of Federalism, Checks and Balances, and Separation of Powers?
Federalism divides power between national and state governments, Checks and Balances ensure that no branch dominates, and Separation of Powers allocates different powers to different branches.
30
What was the Bill of Rights?
The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution that protect civil liberties.
31
What did George Washington's Farewell Address warn against?
Political parties and foreign entanglements.
32
What was Hamilton’s Financial Plan?
Included a national bank, assumption of state debts, and an excise tax.
33
What was the XYZ Affair (1797)?
A diplomatic incident that led to anti-French sentiment due to demands for bribes from French diplomats.
34
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)?
Laws that repressed dissent and were controversial.
35
What was the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
Responses by Jefferson and Madison asserting that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
36
List key figures from this period.
* George Washington * Thomas Jefferson * Alexander Hamilton * James Madison * John Adams * Benjamin Franklin * Samuel Adams * Patrick Henry * Thomas Paine * Marquis de Lafayette * King George III
37
Identify important places in Period 3.
* Philadelphia (Constitutional Convention) * Boston (Massacre, Tea Party) * Lexington & Concord (First battles) * Saratoga (Turning point) * Yorktown (Final battle)
38
What are some key concepts to study from this period?
* Republicanism * Natural Rights * Enlightenment ideas (Locke, Montesquieu) * Federalism * Separation of Powers * Popular Sovereignty * Judicial Review * Strict vs. Loose Interpretation (Constitution)
39
What were the Navigation Acts?
Restricted colonial trade to England ## Footnote Enforced post-1763 to control colonial commerce.
40
What were Writs of Assistance?
Open-ended search warrants used to curb smuggling ## Footnote These warrants angered colonists due to their invasive nature.
41
What did the Currency Act of 1764 do?
Banned colonial paper money ## Footnote Aimed to stabilize British currency in the colonies.
42
What were Vice-Admiralty Courts?
Tried smugglers without a jury ## Footnote This practice angered colonists as it denied them a fair trial.
43
What was the significance of the Stamp Act Congress (1765)?
First organized colonial resistance ## Footnote Marked a united front against British taxation.
44
Who were the Sons of Liberty?
Radical protest group led by Samuel Adams ## Footnote They organized protests against British policies.
45
What role did the Daughters of Liberty play?
Promoted homemade goods and boycott support ## Footnote They played a crucial role in supporting colonial resistance.
46
What was the Boston Massacre?
British troops killed 5 colonists ## Footnote Used as a propaganda tool to fuel anti-British sentiment.
47
What happened during the Gaspee Affair (1772)?
British customs ship burned by colonists ## Footnote An act of defiance against British enforcement.
48
What were the First and Second Continental Congress?
Coordinated resistance and war effort in 1774 and 1775 ## Footnote These congresses marked a significant step towards independence.
49
What was the Olive Branch Petition?
Last attempt at peace with Britain in 1775 ## Footnote It was rejected by King George III.
50
Who were the Hessians?
German mercenaries hired by Britain ## Footnote Their involvement highlighted Britain's reliance on foreign troops.
51
Who led the Continental Army?
George Washington ## Footnote His leadership was pivotal during the Revolutionary War.
52
What was significant about Valley Forge (1777–78)?
Brutal winter; army trained by Baron von Steuben ## Footnote This training helped improve the effectiveness of the Continental Army.
53
What did the Treaty of Alliance (1778) establish?
France formally allies with the U.S. ## Footnote This alliance was crucial for American success in the war.
54
What occurred at the Battle of Trenton?
Surprise attack after Washington crosses Delaware in 1776 ## Footnote This victory boosted American morale.
55
What were the major problems of the Articles of Confederation?
No power to tax or regulate trade, unanimous consent needed to amend, border disputes, currency instability ## Footnote These weaknesses led to calls for a stronger federal government.
56
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
System to survey/sell western lands ## Footnote It facilitated orderly settlement of the Northwest Territory.
57
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 accomplish?
Banned slavery in NW territory, provided path to statehood ## Footnote This ordinance set a precedent for future states.
58
What was the Commerce Compromise?
Federal control of trade, but no export taxes ## Footnote This compromise helped balance interests between North and South.
59
What did the Slave Trade Compromise entail?
Ended importation of slaves after 1808 ## Footnote This compromise reflected the contentious issue of slavery.
60
What is the Elastic Clause?
Allowed for 'necessary and proper' laws ## Footnote This clause has been used to justify various federal actions.
61
What was Hamilton's Financial Plan?
1. Assume state debts 2. Create a national bank 3. Excise tax 4. Tariffs to protect industry ## Footnote This plan aimed to stabilize the American economy.
62
What was the Naturalization Act of 1798?
Extended time to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years ## Footnote This act reflected Federalist concerns about immigration.
63
What did the Sedition Act do?
Criminalized criticism of the federal government ## Footnote This act was controversial and viewed as a violation of free speech.
64
What is the Compact Theory?
Idea that states could judge the constitutionality of federal actions ## Footnote This theory was used in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
65
What is Republican Motherhood?
Women were expected to raise virtuous, informed citizens ## Footnote This concept emphasized the role of women in the new republic.
66
What began the abolition movements in the Northern states?
Gradual emancipation ## Footnote This movement marked the beginning of organized efforts to end slavery.
67
What is manumission?
Voluntary freeing of slaves ## Footnote Some Southern states allowed this practice.
68
What did the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom exemplify?
Separation of Church and State ## Footnote This was a significant step towards religious liberty in America.
69
What was the impact of the French Revolution on U.S. politics?
Divided U.S. politics; Federalists feared it, Democratic-Republicans supported it ## Footnote This division influenced American political alignments.
70
What was the Haitian Revolution?
First successful slave revolt (1791–1804) ## Footnote It alarmed Southern slaveowners and influenced American views on slavery.
71
What is Enlightenment in the context of American history?
Influenced Declaration and Constitution (Locke, Montesquieu) ## Footnote Enlightenment ideas shaped American political philosophy.
72
What are natural rights?
Life, liberty, property ## Footnote These rights were foundational to the American Revolution.
73
Define Republicanism.
Government by the people’s representatives ## Footnote This concept was central to the new American government.
74
What does civic virtue mean?
Citizens sacrifice self-interest for the public good ## Footnote This principle was expected of citizens in a republic.
75
What is the difference between strict and loose construction?
Strict: Jefferson's view; Loose: Hamilton's view ## Footnote This debate influenced early American politics.
76
What does sectionalism refer to?
Tensions between North & South, especially over slavery and economy ## Footnote This division began to shape American politics.
77
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish?
Established the federal court system ## Footnote This act laid the foundation for the U.S. judiciary.

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