period 1 / period 2 Flashcards
(48 cards)
Theory of a land bridge for how natives got to the Americas.
Bering Strait
climate/geography
Thick forests provided wood for housing and boats
agriculture/hunting
Salmon and fishing provided source of nutritious food
example
Chinook people who subsisted on hunting and foraging
Pacific Northwest
climate/geography
drier climate
agriculture/hunting
Crops of maize, beans, melons, and squash from sun-parched but fertile soil
example
Pueblo people with multi storey stone houses consisting of hundreds of rooms (pueblos)
Desert Southwest
climate/geography
Open grasslands, hot, dry summers, and cold, snowy winters
Agriculture/ Hunting
Huge buffalo herds allowed for hunting and portable houses made of buffalo skin (tepees)
Example:
The Pawnee were nomadic and planted corn squash, and beans, lived in portable tepees
The Great Plains
Climate/
Geography
Hardwood forests, blended hunting and gathering
Agriculture/ Hunting
Planted maize, squash, and beans
Example:
The Creek, Choctaw, and Powhatan who cleared the forest and built villages
Eastern Woodlands:
Growing beans, corn, and squash together to retain moisture while planting.
Three Sister Farming
Wanted to discover a new trade route to Asia
Saw no reason to respect or learn about customs of Native Americans and proposed to Christianize, seize their mineral wealth, and exploit their labor
Christopher Columbus (Sailing for Spanish):
-New World
Gold, silver
Corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, vanilla, chocolate
Syphilis
-Impact on Native Americans
Old world diseases decimated the Native American population
Demographic collapse enabled the Spanish to more easily gain control over Native American lands
-Old World
Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
Horse, cows, pigs
Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, flu, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever
-Impact on Europe
New world foods transformed society:
Increased agricultural yields
Improved diets
Stimulated population growth
Generated a profitable trans-Atlantic trade that helped spark European economic development (shift to feudalism to capitalism)
Columbian Exchange:
Main Goals: Spread their Roman Catholic faith and extend the king’s wealth and
power, also MONEY.
Imperialism: spanish
Spanish conquerors in the new world
Conquistadors
Conquered the Aztecs
Hernan Cortez
Conquered the Incas
Fransisco Pizzaro
traveled to Florida in 1516 looking for the fountain of youth.
Juan Ponce de Leon
looked for gold in the American South.
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
The crown granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonists were obliged to protect those natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonists were entitled to those natives’ labor for sugar harvesting or silver mining.
Encomienda System
Split the New world land between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494):
Spanish gained control of Pueblo people and disrupted the Pueblos’ traditional culture by forcing them to labor on encomiendas and worship in Catholic missions
The Pope led the revolt, killing hundreds of Spaniards and destroying their buildings and burning fields.
When Pope died, the Spanish successfully conquered the Pueblos, but became more acceptable to cultural accommodations and became a mix of Spanish and Pueblo cultures
Pope’s Rebellion / Pueblo Revolt (1680):
An excuse for English settlers to expand west because they needed to “provide safety” for Natives from the cruel Spanish.
While the Spanish were “cruel” to natives, some Spanairds married Natives, which is reflected in South American culture today.
The English were also very cruel to the natives.
The Black Legend:
Main Goals: Fur Trapping, Trading
imperialism France
attempted to build a great trading empire, and while it achieved great success elsewhere in the world, its settlements on the North American continent, which were essentially glorified trading Post, soon fell to the English. This doesn’t mean they were unimportant. One of the Dutch settlements was New Amsterdam later renamed New York City.
imperialism Netherlands
England differed significantly from the three other powers in that the other three all depended on Native Americans in different ways: as slave labor, as allies, or as trading partners. English colonies by contrast attempted to exclude Native Americans as much as possible. The English flooded to the new world in great numbers with entire families arriving in many of the colonies rather than just young men, intermixing was rare. Instead when English colonies grew to the point that conflict with nearby tribes became inevitable, and the English launched wars of extermination. For instance the Powhatan Confederacy was destroyed by English “Indian fighters” in the 1640s
Imperialism English
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island
Boston was the colonies’ major port city
Climate:
Rocky soil with poor growing conditions.
Family / Society:
Women were wed by their early 20s, and gave birth every 2 years(1700s).
Women wove, cooked, cleaned and cared for children.
Men cleared land, cut firewood, and butchered livestock
Society centered on trade
Mostly subscribed to rigid puritanism
Economy:
Fur trading, ship building, fishing, lumber
Population farmed for subsistence, not for trade
New England Colonies:
Pilgrims at Plymouth
Separatists
A document promising to be self-governing.
The Mayflower Compact
