period 4

Question 1

A strict interpretation of the Constitution believed by the Democratic Republicans.

Answer 1

Strict Constructionists

Question 2

A loose and flexible interpretation of the Constitution believed by the Federalists.

Answer 2

Loose Constructionists

Question 3

Thomas Jefferson becomes president. (against Aaron Burr)
Fierce debates between the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists about American relations with foreign affairs, and the scope of federal power in the United States.

Answer 3

Election of 1800

Question 4

merica’s first transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans (no violence occurred)

Answer 4

Revolution of 1800

Question 5

The US had paid for protection of American merchant ships to the Barbary states of North Africa (Barbary Pirates). But, Jeffferson did not want to pay bribes to engage in trade. So, the Pirates began attacking US merchant ships, which Jefferson sent the army to retaliate. In the end, Jefferson paid a reduced sum to stop the fighting.

Answer 5

The Tripolitan War / The Barbary Wars (1801-1805)

Question 6

James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate land rights in the Louisiana Territory. The French had no use for the territory since they’d lost Haiti to the Hatian Revolution. Monroe bought the land for 15 million dollars.
This contradicted Jefferson’s values of strict construction, because the Constitution does not give president’s power to buy land. However, he liked the land because it would allow for his view of an agrarian nation.

Answer 6

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Question 7

Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates shall be voted for separately. If no Presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote, then the House of Representatives will choose the President from the highest vote-getters. The Senate will do the same for the Vice President if no Vice Presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes.
Solved issues regarding vice presidents

Answer 7

12th Amendment (1804)

Question 8

Army division, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that explored the Louisiana territory and all the way to the Pacific coast.
This led to greater mapping, geographic and scientific knowledge, and better diplomatic relations with the Indegenous.

Answer 8

Corps of Discovery (1804-1806)

Question 9

Chief Justice in the Supreme Court, and arguably one of the most influential and important Justices ever.

Answer 9

John Marshall (1755-1835)

Question 10

The court proclaimed itself the final interpreter of the Constitution. This case gave the Judicial Branch the power of judicial review.
Context:
Before Jefferson’s election (1800), the Federalist dominated Congress passed the Judiciary Act (1801), which created 16 new spots for federal judges.
Midnight Judges: Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the lasts days of his presidency
John Adams appointed Federalist judges, one of whom was William Marbury. Jefferson did not like this Federalist dominance ,so he instructed Secretary of State James Madison to not deliver those appointments. In court, John Marshall decided that under the Judiciary Act, Marbury deserved his commission, but in the end, Marbury did not receive his commission, due to the Judiciary Act being unconstitutional.

Answer 10

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Question 11

Shut down America’s import and export business, with disastrous economic results
Context:
British and French continued to harass American ships so Jefferson argued and passed the Embargo Act of 1807

New England’s economy collapsed and smuggling was widespread
New England opposed the act because they were ones most impacted bu an end of international trade
Led the Democratic Republicans losing many Congressional seats in 1808 election

Answer 11

Embargo Act of 1807

Question 12

James Madison became 4th President of the United States with Geroge Clinton as vice president.
James Madison ran against James Monroe and Geroge Clinton for the Democratic Republican nomination.
James Monroe becomes Secretary of State.

Answer 12

Election of 1808

Question 13

Championed a combination of programs that included protective tariffs on imports, improvements on interstate roads (including the expansion of National Road from Maryland to Ohio), and the rechartering of the National Bank after the first national bank’s charter had expired

Answer 13

James Madison

Question 14

reopened trade with most nations but still officially banned traded with two most significant trade partners, Britain and france.

Answer 14

Non-Intercouse Act of 1809

Question 15

was significant because it reopened trade with the rest of the world and provided that if either country, Britain or France, agreed to respect American shipping, it would cut off trade with the other country.
France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain

Answer 15

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

Question 16

Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
Legend says that The Prophet cursed every American president elected in a year ending in zero. Afterward, every president elected in a year ending in zero died while in office until Reagan.
Tribes like the Cherrokee tried to adopt colonist lifestyles.

Answer 16

Tecumseh’s War (1811-1813)

Question 17

This was a war between the US and Britain. Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment (kidnapping and of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.
Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain’s ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks - (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson’s troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed.
The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Answer 17

War of 1812

Question 18

Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Answer 18

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Question 19

First and foremost, it represented the end of Native Americans ability to stop American expansion
the American economy, by necessity, became less reliant on trade with Britain
it made Andrew Jackson into a celebrity and pave the way to his presidency
the victory in New Orleans led to National euphoria
the popularity of the war destroyed the Federalists, who had opposed it, and taught American politicians that objecting to going to war could be hazardous to their careers
Spurred American manufacturing - Cut off from trade with Europe the States became more self-sufficient by necessity
New England became America’s manufacturing center during the war and after the war, the US was less dependent on imports than it had previously

Answer 19

Effects of the War of 1812:

Question 20

Opposition to the War of 1812 from the Federalists prompted them to call a convention. They discussed how to end the war and even said New England should secede from the Union. This marked the end of the Federalist party.
Federalist ideals carried out by Henry Clay’s American System during Era of Good Feelings

Answer 20

Hartford Convention (1814)

Question 21

The War of 1812 strengthened American nationalism. The era marks the end of the Federalist Party. The whole nation was unified under the Democratic Republican Party.

Answer 21

The Era of Good Feelings (1815-1825)

Question 22

Economic plan, drafted by Henry Clay, that would play an important role in American policy in the 1800’s.
Federally funded internal improvements (roads, canals that would aid farmers and merchants)
Implementation of protective tariffs (protecting US manufacturers)
Re-establish the 2nd National Bank of the US.
President Madison vetoed the 1st point in the American System because it would expand federal power. Other two provisions passed.

Answer 22

The American System

Question 23

New York Congressman James Talmadge attached the amendment to Missouri’s application for statehood, prohibiting slavery in the new state.
It caused a huge storm because it upset the slave-state free-state balance in the Senate.
Jefferson called it “the knell of the union”

Answer 23

Talmadge Amendment (1819)

Question 24

Missouri would become a slave state, and a new state, Maine would be a free state. The 3630 line would be the dividing line of slave state and free state. Drafted by Henry Clay.

Answer 24

Compromise of 1820 / Missouri Compromise

Question 25

James Monroe (Democratic Republican) becomes the 5th President of the United States. He ran against Daniel D. Tompkins. The Federalist Party did not nominate anyone to be president,

Answer 25

Election of 1816

Question 26

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.-A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war.

Answer 26

Tariff of 1816

Question 27

John Quincy Adams was tasked to negotiate Spain and US territory claims. Spain sold Florida, establishing the location of the US Southern border. Promise that in exchange for Florida, the United States would never try to take action to gain Spanish held Mexico. This was later nullified when Mexico gained independence from Spain in the 1820s

Answer 27

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Question 28

Due to new countries in South America gaining independence, Monroe established the Westren Hemisphere as a US sphere of influence, free of European influence.

Answer 28

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Question 29

The linking of Northern Industries with Western and Southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

Answer 29

Market Revolution (1793-1901)

Question 30

Cotton Gin, Sewing Machine, Interchangeable Parts Interchangeable Parts gave birth to the machine tool industry,Produce specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation Also help promote the development of assembly-line production, products are constructed more efficiently by dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one tasks

Answer 30

New Technology:

Question 31

Considered father of American industrial revolution because he brought British textile technology, rather illegally, to America

Answer 31

Samuel Slater

Question 32

Textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits. These textile mills provided dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor.

Answer 32

Lowell System

Question 33

allowed immediate long-distance communication

Answer 33

Telegraph

Question 34

Water powered machines that divide labor into small repeatable tasks performed by unskilled laborers, and therefore, mass production.

Answer 34

American System of Manufacturing

Question 35

Steam power made rivers and Canals fast methods of shipment and travel.

Answer 35

Steam Boats

Question 36

Built along with the many canals built during the Market Revolution, it stretches across the State of New York.

Answer 36

Erie Canal

Question 37

They began to replace canals (1820-1830). Funded by State governments.

Answer 37

Railroads

Question 38

from the Panics of 1819 and 1837 of the 19th century, the United States made a rapid transitions from a subsistence economy to a market economy

Answer 38

Boom and Bust Cycle occurred

Question 39

First major recession in US history. Causes: Irresponsible banking practices Decreased demand for exports Effects: Working men demand the right to vote affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy

Answer 39

Panic of 1819

Question 40

the Supreme Court held that Congress has implied powers derived from those listed in Article I, Section 8. The “Necessary and Proper” Clause gave Congress the power to establish a national bank.

Answer 40

Mcculloch v. Maryland (1819)

Question 41

Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but because there were so many candidates, nobody won the electoral vote. This was up to the House of Representatives to choose the representative. They chose John Quincy Adams who became the 6th President of the United States, and chose Henry Clay to be Secretary of State.

Answer 41

Election of 1824

Question 42

Expansive view of federal power, Loose Constructionists

Answer 42

National Republicans

Question 43

A restrictive view on Federal power, Strict Constructionist

Answer 43

Democrats

Question 44

Angered by the results of the Election of 1824, Jackson and his supporters called it the “Corrupt Bargain.”

Answer 44

Corrupt Bargain

Question 45

the political tactic of employing and promoting civil servants who are the supporters and friends of the group in power to office. started by Andrew Jackson when he became President. He fired most of the previous President's appointees and put his own people in place.

Answer 45

Spoils System

Question 46

Enacted during Adams’ administration, the tariff increased shipping rates up to 5o%. It was the “Tariff of Abominations.''Northern Manufacturers and Westren farmers like the protective tariff, but Southerners hated it because they relied on imported goods.

Answer 46

Tariff of 1828

Question 47

Andrew Jackson (“Old Hickory”) became the 7th President of the United States. John C. Calhoun was his vp. John Quincy Adams (National Republican, Northern supporters) and Andrew Jackson (Democrat, Southern supporters). Jackson’s supporters are often called Jacksonians. He greatly increased federal power. During his presidency, a new political party: The Whigs (Founded in 1833), led by Henry Clay, was made to counter Jackson’s increase in federal power. They had mostly federalist ideas, opposite to the Jefferson Republicans.

Answer 47

Election of 1828

Question 48

The action of a state in pending or attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the federal government.

Answer 48

Nullification

Question 49

Removed thousands of Indeginous further Westward. Andrew Jackson proposed and supported the Act. The Cherokee Nation declared itself a sovereign nation, within Georgia. The Cherokee refused to be resettled across the Mississippi R.

Answer 49

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Question 50

The Cherokee Nation challenges the resettlement of their tribe. The Court ruled the Cherokee Nation was a sovereign and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries.

Answer 50

Worcester v. Georgia

Question 51

Officially exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee’s signing of the treaty was not totally legitimate.

Answer 51

Treaty of New Echota (1835)

Question 52

The Cherokee Indians were forced to make a grueling march in the winter of 1838-39. Many died under the poor management and atrocious conditions.

Answer 52

Trail of Tears (1831-1877)

Question 53

Black laborer named Nat Turner organized a slave revolt in VA, believing that God had given him a mission to uprise. He and his followers killed over 50 white Southerners. This increased the fear amongst white Southerners about a slave rebellion or uprising. In response, the Southren government enforced stricter slavery laws.

Answer 53

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Question 54

prohibiting blacks from congregating or learning to read

Answer 54

slave codes

Question 55

Reduced the Tariff of 1828, but Southerners were still not happy, especially South Carolina.

Answer 55

Tariff of 1832

Question 56

South Carolina threatened to secede if tax collectors came to collect the new tariff. Jackson fought back with the Force Bill.

Answer 56

Nullification Crisis (1832

Question 57

Jackson, not happy with SC and the Tariff of 1832, persuaded congress to give the president authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law. SC nullified the Force Bill.

Answer 57

Force Bill (1832)

Question 58

ackson vs. Bank & Biddle; Jackson begins taking out funds and putting them into pet banks, successfully "killing" the bank; leads to fluctuation in economy and eventual panic; Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Vetoed the 2nd Bank charter and withdrew gov't money from the US Banks and put it into "pet banks." Specie Circular - Ended the policy of selling government land on credit (buyers had to pay hard cash) Jackson preferred hard currency (gold/sliver) Caused by the money storage and sharp decrease in treasury caused panic of 1837

Answer 58

Bank War (1832-1836)

Question 59

Causes: Speculation by banks （giving people loans who couldn’t pay it back) Jackson’s policies Failure of 2 British Banks (1836) which caused investors to call in foreign loans. Effect: Congress overturned the circular in last days of Jackson’s final term

Answer 59

the Panic of 1837

Question 60

Martin Van Buren (“The Little Magician”, and Democrat) became 8th President of the US. Martin Van Buren was Jackson’s vp. William Henry Harrison (whig) ran against Buren but lost. Martin van Buren entered the presidency during the major economic crisis (the panic of 1837) Buren made the situation worse by continuing Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency ensuring that money would be hard to come by. The economic downturn lasted through Van Buren's term, practically guaranteeing that he would not be re-elected

Answer 60

Election of 1836

Question 61

William Henry Harrison (1st Whigs President) became the 9th President of the United States, only to catch a cold at his inaugural address and died. John Tyler, who was his vp, became the 10th President of the United States. Harrison was a war hero, notably in Tecumseh’s War and the War of 1812.

Answer 61

Election of 1840

Question 62

James K. Polk becomes 10th President of the United States.

Answer 62

Election of 1844

Question 63

The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818. It set the U.S. and British North American border at the 49th parallel with the exception of Vancouver Island, which was retained in its entirety by the British.

Answer 63

The Oregon Treaty (1846)

Question 64

Texas declared independence from Mexico (1836). This caused increased conflict between Mexicans and Texans. Annexation of Texas (1845) - The Mexican government was okay with Texas being independent, but when Texas wanted to join the Union, it was a reason to fight. Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison and Tyler decided against the annexation. James K. Polk’s campaign promises included the Annexation of Texas. Tyler then annexed Texas right before his presidency ended, for the credit. Polk sent diplomat, John Slidell to Mexico city to ask for more land from Mexico (NM & CA), and to settle the location of the Southern border of Mexico Mexico said the border ran along the Neuces R., while America said the border ran along the Rio Grande R. 1846 - General Taylor stationed troops at the Rio Grande R. This cause them to start fighting. 1846 - Congress declares war on Mexico. General Winfield Scott - Conquered and occupied Mexico City, which forced Mexican negotiations. Ran for president. Effects: Wilmot Proviso (1846) - David Wilmot added a rider (or provision) attached to an appropriations bill during the Mexican War. It stated that slavery would be banned in any territory won from Mexico as a result of the war. It was never passed.

Answer 64

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) -

Question 65

Ends the Mexican-American War. Establishes the Rio Grande as the Southern Border of Texas. Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the US for 15 million dollars. America gains California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and Wyoming. All Mexicans living in the land would be granted US citizenship. But the indegenous wouldn’t have a chance at citizenship until the 1930s.

Answer 65

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Question 66

Zachary Talyor becomes the 11th President of the United States. Taylor was a war hero from the Mexican-American War. Talyor dies in 1850, and Millard Filmore became the 13th President of the US.

Answer 66

Election of 1848

Question 67

Was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Answer 67

Free Soil Pary

Question 68

The Market Revolution caused a rise in population and diversity in Northern industrial cities. Between 1820 and 1840, around 2 million immigrants (mainly German and Irish) came to the US. They mostly settled on the East Coast, fueling Northern industry with cheap labor. These immigrants changed the urban landscape, forming a growing class or laboring poor. They lived in crowded housing called tenements. Sanitation was not well practiced in these areas, and disease spread rapidly. However, in these places, immigrants were able to preserve their cultural background.

Answer 68

Immigrants:

Question 69

The growing middle class emerged from the North and included people like businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, and lawyers. They spent the disposable income on leisure activities like plays, sporting events and circuses.

Answer 69

Middle Class:

Question 70

Women were expected to conform to a developing societal norm: Cult of Domesticity - A woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around childenbearing and making her home a haven of rest for her husband. Husbands were expected to work and provide. Magazines and newspapers were published to persuade them. It was mainly an upper class, and middle class phenomenon. In lower classes, women had to work to survive.

Answer 70

Women:

Question 71

Working men, small farmers, and frontier settlers began to demand the right to vote, especially after the Panic of 1819. By 1825, many states removed property qualifications for voting.

Answer 71

Expansion of Democracy

Question 72

Published by Noah Webster, and was used in schools and academics. It standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American English.

Answer 72

American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)

Question 73

Group of Christians who became convinced that the second coming of Christ had already occurred and therefore should live communally. Complex (everyone belonged to everyone) marriage was introduced.

Answer 73

Oneida Community (1848

Question 74

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. Unlike the 1st Great Awakening, whose preachers focused on personal moral reformation, the 2nd Great Awakening focused on moral reformation of society:

Answer 74

Second Great Awakening (1790-1840)

Question 75

A New York preacher who helped the abolitionist cause spread North.

Answer 75

Charles Finney

Question 76

Was founded and reflected the increasing reformers advocating for temperance. Mainly targeted working class men who abused alcohol.

Answer 76

The American Temperance Society (1826)

Question 77

were promoted by Protestant churches and reformers and tied to the rise in Irish and German immigrants who are mostly Catholic, representing the divide between the two branches of Christianity

Answer 77

Temperance societies

Question 78

Founded by Joseph Smith during the Second Great Awakening, members believe that they belong to the restored church created by Jesus Christ. Smith claimed to receive visions from God saying the churches in America had strayed from the true teachings of the church. He found buried golden plates and translated them into the Book of Mormon. Members were often persecuted because they didn't keep slaves, they practiced polygamy, and they were outsiders for their religious beliefs. Brigham Young and the Mormons settled in Utah. Penitentiaries, asylums and orphanages began bringing reformed with the notion that Society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate

Answer 78

Mormonism / Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (1840s)

Question 79

penitentiaries sought to rehabilitate criminals rather than isolate them by teaching them morality and a “work ethic”

Answer 79

Dorothea Dix

Question 80

Published by William Lloyd Garrison, he argued that white folks neede to take a stand against slavery by the means of moral persuasion and voilence. Was an immediatist - wanted emancipation

Answer 80

The Liberator (1831)

Question 81

Spread rapidly across the Northern States for abolition. Northern merchants and manufacturers feared abolition because of its influence on the cotton and sugar trade, and losing their jobs.

Answer 81

The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)

Question 82

1840s began publishing his influential newspaper the North Star. Douglas, an escaped slave, gained fame as a gifted writer and eloquent advocate of freedom and equality his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is one of the great American autobiographies

Answer 82

Frederick Douglass

Question 83

Escaped slavery and returned South repeatedly to help more than 300 slaves escaped via the Underground Railroad (a network of hiding places and safe Trails);

Answer 83

Harriet Tubman

Question 84

a charismatic speaker who champaigned for emancipation and women's rights

Answer 84

Sojourner Truth

Question 85

For women to be more effective in their campaigns for abolition and temperance, they needed the right vote.

Answer 85

Women’s Rights / Suffrage Movement

Question 86

Women gathering in New York for the 1st women’s rights conference in America.

Answer 86

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Question 87

Women drafted and demanded women’s equality, education, legal rights, and voting rights.Taken from the Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal…”

Answer 87

The Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Question 88

Becoming industrialized technological advancement advances in Communications, Transportation, industry, and baking we're helping it become the nation's commercial center. Farming played less of a role in the northeastern economy than it did elsewhere in the country legal slavery became increasingly uncommon in the region's States through the early 1800s

Answer 88

The North:

Question 89

Westward expansion was coupled with depleted soil. Expansion with slavery gave plantation owners enormous wealth, which created a walthy plantaion aristocracy which sought to protect their profits towards keeping slavery. However, African American culture rose through song. It created a rhythm for their work and expressed their collective despair and hopes. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) increased the fear amongst white Southerners about a slave rebellion or uprising. The government then imposed harsher laws on slaves. FWhite Southerners who were independent land owners, and didn’t own slaves. They belived in slavery because of the racial heirarchy that made the Southern society work.

Answer 89

The South:

Question 90

Economic interests were varied but we're largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real-estate speculation. Westerns generally distrusted the north, which they regarded as the home of powerful banks that could take their land away. They had little more use for the South, whose rigidly hierarchical Society was at odds with the egalitarianism of the West. Most westerns wanted to avoid involvement in the slavery issue, which they regarded as irrelevant to their lives. Ironically western expansion was the core of the most important conflicts leading up to the Civil War

Answer 90

The West: