period 6 Flashcards
(82 cards)
The original use of the term “New South” was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy
New South
Formed the American Tobacco Company, controlled 90% of the cigarette market
broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act
James Buchanan Duke
system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
Sharecropping did not lead to economic independence. Facing interest rates as high as 50%, sharecroppers became entrapped in a seemingly endless cycle of death and poverty.
Sharecropping offered little hope for black and white tenants. During the 1890s the problem facing perpetual debt produced a harvest of discontent that led to the formation of farmers’ alliance and the beginning of the black migration out of the South
Sharecropping
An ownership interest in land in which a lessee or a tenant holds real property by some form of title from a lesser or landlord. Many farmers became bankrupt under Tenancy.
Tenancy
System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans
Crop lien system
The end of reconstruction left political control in the south in the hands of a group of white Democratic Party leaders known collectively as redeemers because they “redeemed” or saved the region from Republican rule
Promoted economic growth based upon industrialization and railroad expansion. They also supported policies intended to restore a social system based upon white supremacy
Redeemer governments used literacy test and poll taxes to evade the 15th Amendment.
Tactics worked and during the 1890s, the number of black voters plummeted. By early 1900s, African Americans had effectively lost their political rights in the south
The redeemers
in order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting.
Mississippi Plan (1890)
Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.
Jim Crow Laws
guaranteed blacks “full and equal enjoyment” of public facilities. As more and more white Southerners rejected the idea of racial equality, Southern towns and companies begin to enact Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation in public facilities
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
The Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment only apply to state action and could not be used to regulate the behavior of private individuals or private organizations
Civil rights case (1883)
Allowed Jim Crow segregation laws to spread across the South. Within a few years, state and local statutes required segregated schools, restaurants, and hotels.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Between 1870 and 1900, there was an unprecedented migration of miners, ranchers, and farmers into the West. By 1890, the US Census Bureau declared the frontier was officially settled.
Mining towns attracted a diverse and combustible mix of white, American Indian, Mexican, and Chinese miners
Miners had hoped to get rich and then get out
Western Migration
Farming became more machine oriented and less human oriented.
The Mechanical Reaper, and the Combine Harvester changed agriculture from man power to animal power
Production of corn and wheat roughly doubled in this time period.
Smaller farms failed as they couldn’t compete with corporate farmers.
This period marks a drastic change from small farmers to large-scale mechanized farmers.
Mechanization of Farming
The land from Texas to California began from the Spanish Empire then the Mexican Republic. After the Mexican-American war, thousands of Hispanic people living in the region became residents of American territory
Lost their political authority and economic prosperity as more American settlers moved into the region, and by late nineteenth century became a part of a large working class
Hispanic West:
Gold rush and railroads created a mass migration of Chinese workers to California. By 1870s, Chinese immigrants comprised the largest non-European group in California
At first they were praised for work ethic, but as their communities grew, many californians views then as economic rivals who worked for low wages
Calls for immigration restriction grew louder and Congress responded by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Suspended immigration of all Chinese laborers for ten years (renewed in 1892 and made it permanent in 1902)
Marked the first law enacted to exclude a specific ethnic or racial group from immigrating to the U.S.
Chinese:
Colorado militia attacked and killed over 100 native people
Sand Creek massacre (1864)
The Sioux tribe (inspired by sitting bull) killed Custer and his men in the 7th Calvary (Custer’s last stand)
Battle of Little BigHorn (1876)
The Sioux tribes resisted reservations, but it only led the federal government imposing more treaties.
Sioux War (1886)
The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance. In the government’s campaign to suppress the movement, the famous Sioux medicine man sitting Bull was killed during his rest.
Ghost Dance Movement (1869)
US Army goes into the Dakotas to and killed over 200
The battle was really a massacre
Marks the end of the major Native American frontier wars
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
settled in the Great Plains, where horses thrived and Plains Indians became superb hunters, hunting buffalo for meat, clothes, and string for their bow
Western Tribes:
Guaranteed safe passage for settlers on the Oregon trail and construction for roads/forts. In exchange the Indians received defined lands that would be theirs forever (a.k.a four decades)
Life for the plains Indians had dramatically changed
Heavy reliant on hunting bison caused severe decline in the population of bison
Demand for buffalo hides
European introduction of the horse, fire arms, alcohol, and disease
Undermine native American resistance
Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)
1881 documented mistreatment by the federal government of native people
Supported policies designed to brine Naative Americans into mainstream of America life, playing a key role in mobilizing public support for the Dawes Act
Helen Hunt Jackson “A century of Dishonor”
Boarding school such as Carlisle Indian school were intended to assimilate native people
Carlisle Indian school
