Period 6 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Period 6
1865 - 1898
Agriculture predominantly shifted to?
Mechanization of agriculture where machines, e.g. Mechanical Reaper and the Combine Harvester.
Effects of Mechanization?
Production of crops doubling from 1870 and 1900.
Small farmers not being able to compete with the industrial farmers. Farms being bought out.
Law of supply and demand make the prices decrease (economic pain)
Why did all farmers experience economic pain?
Industrial Trusts made sure prices remained high on manufactured goods,
Railroads were being relied on for transporting and shipping their products into the market but railroad owners were charging high prices.
National Granger Movement
1868
* farmer’s political organization that pushed for states to pass Granger Laws that regulated railroad rates
Prominant –> Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
* railroad rates being regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission to make sure it is reasonable
Westward expansion?
The government utilized railroads for mass migration to the west.
- Pacific Railroads Act 1862, giving lands to railroad companies to build transcontinental railroads, 170 million acres of land was granted by the government
- Homestead Act of 1862
Potential migrants a 160 acres of free land out west to farm and settle.
Boomtowns
Very diverse, 100,000 influx of people after 1869 gold in pikes peak
Reservation System
A system where they allocate indians due to them migrating west (assimillate into American Society)
The rise of the Sioux Wars,
The Indian Apporpriation Act of 1871 –> nullified all previous treaties with the Indians and thus ended recognition of soverignty
Ghost Dance Movement
* Dance where ancestors will be summoned and take back their land
Dawes Act
1887, abandoned the resercation system and divided reservation lands into 160 acres for the indians
Last Indian violent battle
Wounded Knee of 1890
Rose to perform the ghost dance movement killed over 200 people.
NEW SOUTH
Industrialization of South. But South mostly remained agricultural (sharecropping where black people would recieve capital in return for labour)
Plessy v Ferguson
Compromise of 1877 made the refederal troops return back to the North, which created opportunities for racial segregation.
1896
court determined that racial segregation was constitutional
- Rise of Jim Crow laws
- segregated public facilities
- more than 1000 black people lynched
Reformers against Plessy V Ferguson
Ida B Wells. published editorials against lynching and Jim Crow Laws
Booker T. Washington
argued that Black people needed to become self-sufficient economically to gain power.
Rise of Industrial Capitalism
Gilded Age 1870 - 1890s
* Laissez-faire economic system, big businesses and trusts dominated the market through horizontal integration and vertical integration
Robber Barrons
John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Comopany
* Controlling 90% of oil industrty by horiztonal integration
Andrew Carnegie’s Carnegie Steal
* Vertical Integration
* But Gospel Of Wealth (philanthropy to help and suppor society)
* gave away more than 350 million dollars
- Social Darwnism (survival of the fittests), monopolies
Why did these companies grow?
Laissez Faire, No government intervention.
Relied on underpaid labourers like immigrants
influx of 25 million immigrants to folloow the American Dream
Immigrants cannot ask for high wages.
Labor Unions
Wanting high wages and safety standards
via
* strikes and political actions
- Knights of Labour (1869)
- destruction of monopolies and trusts
- Child labor
- Children ranging 10 - 15 were working
- American Federation of Labour (1886)
- Samuel Gompers
- Shorter hours
- Higher wages
- Better working conditions
** The Great Railroad Strike of 1877**
* shut down nearly 60% of all railroads
- Haymarket Square Riot of 1886
- Bomb detonated, end of Knights of Labour
Where did the immigrants live
25 million
* Tenements where there were multiple families living in one house, exposure of diseases.
Exoduster Movement
Migration of black people into the west (Kansas)
Response to Immigration
Nativism, protecting interests of natives against immigrants
Social Darwnisim
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
** American Protective Association**
* Apa resisting catholics (irish immigrants)
- Janes Addams, settling settlement houses, especially the Hull House in 1889, helping immigrants adjust to America
White-collar workers
The rise of the middle class
(women simple jobs)
Excess income and time will lead to
leisure time activities, entertainment rose with Coney Island, American football, and baseball
How did different reform movements respond to the rise of industrial capitlism in the Gilded age?
Social Gospel
* Christian principles to help aid the society through services.
Women Reform
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.Anthony founded the National American Women Suffrage Association.
Women’s Christian Tempereance Union 1874
* Prohibition of Alcohol
Anti-saloon league 1893
* protest to try to pass laws
What was the Pendleton Act
1881
Replacing the patronage system with competitive examination for federal jobs.
