PERIOD 7 Flashcards by Ruya Balog

naval theorist and historian who advocated for the significance of naval power in securing a nation’s prosperity and strength. as a US naval officer and historian who significantly influenced American foreign policy by advocating for a powerful navy, arguing that a strong sea power was crucial for a nation’s economic and political success, as detailed in his influential book “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” which emphasized the importance of naval dominance in world history; his ideas contributed to the rise of American imperialism in the late 19th century.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Diplomatic policy developed by Roosevelt where the “big stick” symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. the foreign policy approach of President Theodore Roosevelt, which emphasized using diplomacy and negotiation while simultaneously maintaining a strong military presence to back up demands, essentially “speaking softly but carrying a big stick” to achieve desired outcomes, often through the threat of force if necessary; it is essentially a policy of peaceful negotiation with the underlying threat of military power if needed.

Big Stick Policy

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officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. “Boxers” was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan (“Righteous and Harmonious Fists”). a Chinese uprising against foreign influence in the country, particularly targeting Western powers and Christian missionaries, that occurred around 1900, ultimately being suppressed by an international military force; it was a major event showcasing the growing tensions of imperialism in China

Boxer Rebellion

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exerting financial power as a form of imperialism. This occurred in the United States during William Howard Taft’s presidency between 1909 and 1913. a US foreign policy strategy, primarily under President William Howard Taft, where the United States used economic power and financial investment to influence and control foreign governments, particularly in Latin America, rather than direct military intervention, essentially “substituting dollars for bullets” to further American interests abroad

dollar diplomacy

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Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain. Filipino revolutionary leader who fought against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, and later led the resistance against American colonization during the Philippine-American War, effectively becoming a symbol of Filipino nationalism and the struggle for independence against foreign powers; particularly important for understanding the US expansionist policies following the Spanish-American War

Emilio Aguinaldo

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An agreement that was negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908 with the Japanese government. The Japanese agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be stopped.

Gentlemen’s Agreement

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a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened. efers to a prominent Republican senator who fiercely opposed the United States joining the League of Nations after World War I, leading the opposition against the Treaty of Versailles by proposing reservations that would limit American involvement in the League, ultimately preventing the US from joining it; he is considered a key figure in the debate over American foreign policy following the war.

Henry Cabot Lodge

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a series of early 20th century Supreme Court decisions that determined the constitutional status of territories acquired by the United States after the Spanish-American War. were U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1901 that addressed the constitutional rights of the inhabitants in U.S. territories acquired after the Spanish-American War, stating that the Constitution did not automatically apply to these territories.

Insular Cases

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a policy set forth by President James Monroe indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act.

Monrose Doctrine

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foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace. a foreign policy strategy implemented by President Woodrow Wilson that prioritized promoting democratic values and human rights in international relations, essentially supporting nations that aligned with American moral standards rather than solely pursuing economic interests; it was based on the idea that the U.S. should use its influence to foster democracy around the world.

Moral Diplomacy

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the proposition to keep trade in China open equally to trade with all countries, preventing any one nation from controlling trade in the region.

open door policy

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barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations and gave the U.S. the right to interfere in Cuba to preserve independence. It also requires Cuba to permit America to have naval station in their territory. This basically leaves Cuba with only nominal political independence.

Platt amendment

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the last reigning monarch of Hawaii, who was overthrown by American sugar planters and U.S. military forces in 1893, effectively marking a pivotal moment in the U.S. annexation of Hawaii; her attempt to restore power to the monarchy led to the coup, highlighting the American desire for economic control in the Pacific region.

Queen Liliuokalani

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The Roosevelt Corollary is a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. The Roosevelt was to be seen as an addition to the Monroe doctrine; but could also be seen as a departure. It stated that the U.S. had right to exercise military force in Latin American countries in order to keep European countries out.

Roosevelt Corollary

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a legislative provision added to the US declaration of war against Spain in 1898, stating that the United States would not annex Cuba after defeating Spain, essentially promising to leave control of the island to its people once pacified, thereby preventing the US from establishing permanent control over Cuba; it was proposed by Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado

Teller Amendment

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he agreement that officially ended the Spanish-American War, where the United States acquired control of former Spanish territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking a significant shift in American foreign policy towards imperialism and establishing the US as a major global power; it was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898

Treaty of Paris

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a United States Navy battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba in 1898, which significantly contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War by fueling public outrage against Spain, even though the exact cause of the explosion remains disputed; the phrase “Remember the Maine” became a rallying cry for war against Spain.

USS Maine

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27th President of the United States, serving from 1909 to 1913, and later became the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. His presidency is marked by a focus on trust-busting, a continuation of progressive reforms, and significant foreign policy initiatives, including Dollar Diplomacy.

William Howard Taft

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A politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. Did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. Promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting

William Jennings Bryan

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the 28th President of the United States, most notably known for his leadership during World War I, known for leading the nation during World War I and advocating for a new world order based on democracy and self-determination, his progressive domestic policies known as “New Freedom,” and his vision for a post-war world based on international cooperation and democracy, outlined in his “Fourteen Points” which included the establishment of the League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson

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a significant labor strike in 1902 by coal miners in the anthracite coalfields of Pennsylvania, primarily led by the United Mine Workers of America (UMW), demanding better wages, shorter working hours, and union recognition.

Anthracite coal miners’ strike

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A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

Booker T.Washonton

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A suffragette who was president of the National Women’s Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. considered a prominent American suffragist and women’s rights activist who played a crucial role in securing the right to vote for women through her leadership of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), ultimately contributing significantly to the passage of the 19th Amendment granting women suffrage

Carrie Chapman Catt

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a piece of legislation passed in 1914 that aimed to further prevent monopolies by specifically defining and prohibiting certain anti-competitive business practices like price discrimination, exclusive dealing agreements, and mergers that could lessen competition

Clayton Antitrust Act

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This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition. the constitutional amendment that established "Prohibition," effectively banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages across the United States, primarily driven by the Temperance Movement; it was ratified in 1919 and led to widespread illegal alcohol consumption and the rise of organized crime during the 1920s.

Eighteenth Amendment

established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States, to provide the country with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. a law that established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. The act was a response to the financial panics of the early 20th century

Federal Reserve Act

Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies. a government agency established in 1914 during the Progressive Era, designed to regulate business practices and prevent unfair competition by enforcing antitrust laws, essentially protecting consumers from deceptive or misleading business tactics; it was created as part of the broader movement to curb monopolies and promote fair market competition

Federal Trade Commission

A law that strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, again reflecting the era's desire to control the power of the railroads. a 1906 law that significantly expanded the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), allowing it to set maximum railroad rates and regulate railroad practices, essentially giving the government greater control over the railroad industry

Hepburn Act

a pioneering investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era, known for her critical writings on the monopolistic practices of the Standard Oil Company. a prominent "muckraker," a journalist who exposed corruption and abuses of power, most notably through her investigative series of articles that detailed the unethical business practices of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, significantly contributing to the Progressive Era reform movement.

Ida Tarbell

all forms of direct democracy that allow citizens to directly participate in lawmaking by proposing new laws (initiative), voting on laws proposed by the legislature (referendum), or removing elected officials from office (recall), essentially giving more power to the people rather than solely relying on elected representatives.

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

prominent social reformer and journalist who used photography to expose the harsh living conditions of the poor in New York City's slums, most notably through his book "How the Other Half Lives," which is considered a key example of early "muckraking" journalism; his work helped to bring attention to issues like poverty and inadequate housing, pushing for social reforms during the Progressive Era

Jacob Riis

a prominent American investigative journalist and "muckraker" from the Progressive Era, most famous for exposing widespread corruption in city governments and political machines through his series of articles published in McClure's Magazine, particularly in his book "The Shame of the Cities

Lincoln Steffans

a landmark Supreme Court case from 1905 where the Court ruled that a New York law limiting bakers' working hours was unconstitutional, effectively striking down state regulations on working conditions based on the idea that such laws interfered with the individual's right to contract for labor, a concept known as "freedom of contract" under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause; this decision is often viewed as a major setback for labor rights movements and is now widely considered a flawed interpretation of the Constitution.

Lochner v New York

enacted to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. a federal law passed in 1906 that mandated strict sanitary standards for meat processing and interstate meat shipments, essentially requiring federal inspection of meat to ensure its cleanliness and quality, largely spurred by public outcry after reading Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle" which exposed the horrific conditions in the meatpacking industry

Meat Inspection Act

founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. New Freedom. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization that works to eliminate racism and discrimination against African Americans.

NAACP

The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was a women's rights organization that worked to win women the right to vote. It was the largest women's suffrage organization in the United States

NAWSA

the constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that granted women the right to vote, marking a significant victory for the women's suffrage movement; it essentially states that the right to vote cannot be denied based on sex.

Nineteenth Amendment

a law passed in 1906 that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded food and drugs in interstate commerce, essentially establishing the foundation for the modern Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by regulating the labeling and safety of consumer products; it was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation aimed at protecting public health.

Pure food and drug act

calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. the constitutional amendment that established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people of each state, meaning that voters directly choose their senators instead of state legislatures selecting them as was previously the case; it is considered a key part of the Progressive Era movement aimed at increasing voter power and political accountability

Seventeenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment that gives Congress the power to levy an income tax on individuals, allowing them to collect taxes on income without having to distribute the burden based on population among the states; essentially, it enabled the implementation of a federal income tax system.

Sixteenth Amendment

every person was entitled to a fair deal. Roosevelt advocated for ensuring that the American public and American businesses should benefit equally. the domestic policy agenda of President Theodore Roosevelt, focused on achieving a balance between the interests of labor, business, and the public by promoting consumer protection, corporate regulation, and conservation of natural resources, essentially advocating for "fair play" across different sectors of society; it is often summarized as the "three C's" of Roosevelt's presidency

Square Deal

a devastating factory fire that occurred on March 25, 1911, at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City, where 146 garment workers, mostly young immigrant women, died due to locked exits and poor safety conditions, significantly sparking labor reforms and increased awareness about unsafe working conditions in the United States; considered a pivotal moment in the history of worker rights movements

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

considered a prominent "muckraker" most famous for his novel "The Jungle," which exposed the horrific and unsanitary conditions within the Chicago meatpacking industry, leading to significant food safety reforms like the Pure Food and Drug Act

Upton Sinclair

prominent African American scholar, civil rights activist, and co-founder of the NAACP, known for his advocacy for racial equality and his critique of the social and political injustices faced by African Americans. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, a prominent African American sociologist, activist, and writer who played a crucial role in the early 20th century civil rights movement, notably co-founding the NAACP and advocating for racial equality through his writings like "The Souls of Black Folk" by actively challenging the more accommodationist approach of Booker T. Washington

WEB DuBois

the United States military forces sent to Europe during World War. the first American ground troops to reach the European front

American Expeditionary force

bound signatories to protect the political independence and territorial integrity of all member nations. a clause within the covenant of the League of Nations that obligated member states to come to the aid of any other member nation facing external aggression, essentially requiring collective military action against an aggressor country

Artice X (versailles)

30th President of the United States, known for his conservative political views, a focus on limited government intervention, and presiding over a period of significant economic prosperity during the "Roaring Twenties" following World War I, often associated with the phrase "return to normalcy

Calvin Coolidge

to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. a government agency established during World War I by President Woodrow Wilson, primarily tasked with influencing public opinion to support the war effort through propaganda

Committee on Public Information

limited immigration to 3% of the foreign-born population of each nationality residing in the U.S. as of the 1910 census. The act was primarily aimed at reducing immigration from Southern and Eastern European countries, which were viewed as culturally different from Northern Europeans. a set of immigration laws, primarily the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 (also known as the National Origins Act), that established a system of numerical limits on immigration based on a person's country of origin, effectively restricting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe while favoring Northern and Western Europeans, fueled by nativist sentiments and anxieties about large waves of undesirable" immigrants entering the U.S.

National Origins and Emergency Quota Act

federal legislature enacted in 1917. The Act criminalizes and punishes espionage, spying and related crimes. The Act prohibits not only spying but also various other activities, including certain kinds of expression. Sedition Act (1918) A law stating during times of war, rules can be changed. a pair of laws passed during World War I, the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, which criminalized any speech or actions considered to be interfering with the war effort, including criticism of the government, military, or the war itself, essentially limiting free speech to suppress dissent against the war

espionage and sedition acts

Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations

Fourteen points

The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North, which held promises of jobs, during and after World War I

Great Migration

outburst of creative activity among African-Americans in all fields of art in the 1920s; began as discussions in Manhattan and turned into movement of African-American expression

Harlem Renaissance

outburst of creative activity among African-Americans in all fields of art in the 1920s; began as discussions in Manhattan and turned into movement of African-American expression

Henry Ford

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community

Herbert hoover

this pact promised to never make war again and settle all disputes peacefully. Sixty-two nations signed this pact.

Kellog-Briand Treaty

The Ku Klux Klan first arose in the South during the Reconstruction Era, but experienced a resurgence in the period immediately following the end of the First World War. The KKK was a viciously racist organization that employed violence and acts of terror in order to assert white supremacy and maintain a strict racial hierarchy

KKK (1920s)

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans

RMS Lusitania

Harlem political leader,many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s. He urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa

Marcus Garvey

attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. a series of aggressive raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919-1920, to arrest and deport suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists, primarily targeting immigrants, during a period of intense fear known as the "Red Scare" following World War

Palmer Raids

a period of intense fear and paranoia in the United States, particularly after World War I and again following World War II, where citizens were deeply concerned about the spread of communist ideology, leading to government crackdowns on suspected radicals and a suppression of civil liberties; essentially, a widespread fear of communism and leftist movements

Red Scare

a landmark Supreme Court case from 1919 where the court established the "clear and present danger" test, which determines when speech can be restricted under the First Amendment, specifically ruling that speech posing a clear and present danger to national security, like urging resistance to the draft during wartime, is not protected speech; this case involved Charles Schenck who was convicted for distributing leaflets encouraging draft resistance during World War I. speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected under the First Amendment. This decision shows how the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment sometimes sacrifices individual freedoms in order to preserve social order

Schenck v. United States

a major political corruption scandal during the Warren G. Harding administration where the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and other locations to private oil companies in exchange for bribes, marking a significant example of government corruption in the 1920s; this scandal severely damaged Harding's reputation and led to Fall becoming the first cabinet member to serve jail time for crimes committed while in office.

Teapot Dome Scandal

was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One. The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies.

Treaty of Versailles

A federal act enforcing the eighteenth amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

President who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy.

Warren Harding

a secret coded message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States, promising to help Mexico reclaim lost territory like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if they joined the war;

Zimmermann Telegram

temporary closure of all banks in the United States, implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression to prevent further bank runs and stabilize the banking system, essentially giving the government time to assess the health of banks and enact necessary reforms to restore public confidence

bank holiday

when the stock market experienced a catastrophic crash, marking the beginning of the Great Depression; it was a day of widespread panic selling on Wall Street, causing stock prices to plummet drastically, leading to significant economic devastation across the United States.

black tuesday

a protest in 1932 where thousands of World War I veterans marched on Washington D.C. to demand immediate payment of a promised bonus, highlighting the severe economic hardship faced by many Americans during the Great Depression; this event is often called the "Bonus Army" as well.

bonus march

"Civilian Conservation Corps," a New Deal program established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression that provided jobs for young, unemployed men by putting them to work on environmental conservation projects like planting trees, building trails, and managing forests across national parks and public lands; essentially offering relief to the unemployed while also improving the nation's natural resources.

CCC

a labor union federation established in the 1930s that focused on organizing workers in mass production industries like steel and automobiles, often by forming industrial unions which included unskilled workers, unlike the existing craft-based American Federation of Labor (AFL) that primarily represented skilled workers;

Congress of Industrial organizations

a severe environmental disaster that occurred in the 1930s across the Great Plains of the United States, characterized by extreme drought and poor farming practices which led to massive dust storms, devastating farmland, displacing thousands of families, and significantly contributing to the hardships of the Great Depression; it is considered a prime example of how human activity can exacerbate natural disasters.

Dust bowl

A government legislation that dealt with wages and child labor. It established a minimum wage and prohibited child labor in harsh and dangerous conditions.

Fair Labor Standards Act

a US government agency that insures bank deposits and regulates banks. The FDIC was established in 1933 by the Banking Act during the Great DepressioN.

FDIC

a series of informal radio addresses given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression and World War II, where he directly spoke to the American people about his policies and aimed to reassure them during times of crisis, often using a conversational tone to create a sense of personal connection

Fireside Chats

the Catholic priest from Michigan Whose anti-New Deal harangues in the 1930's became so anti- Sematic, fascist, and demagogic that he was silenced by his superiors

Fr.Charles Coughlin

a physician who came forward with a plan to assist the elderly, who were suffering greatly during the depression. The Townsend Plan proposed giving everyone over the age of 60 a monthly pension of $200 with a provison that it must be spent in 30 days

Francis Townsend

A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression. By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction. to protect U.S. farmers from foreign competition by increasing tariffs on certain foreign goods

Hawley Smoot Tariff

charismatic and controversial Louisiana politician who gained notoriety during the Great Depression for his radical "Share Our Wealth" program, which proposed drastic wealth redistribution by capping individual fortunes and guaranteeing a minimum income for all Americans, often seen as a populist critique of the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt; he was known as "The Kingfish

Huey Long

the first period of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, when Congress passed a large number of New Deal laws. The Hundred Days took place from March 9 to June 16, 1933. Congress passed 15 major acts to meet the economic crisis setting a pace for new legislation that has never been equaled. Later became known as 1st New Deal.

Hundred Days

a 1934 law that aimed to reverse the assimilation policies of the Dawes Act, allowing Native American tribes to re-establish self-governance and control over their land, marking a significant shift towards greater tribal autonomy and away from forced assimilation

Indian Reorganization Act

refers to a government policy, often involving increased government spending, designed to stimulate the economy during a recession, based on the economic theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes, who argued that government intervention is necessary to manage aggregate demand and combat unemployment during economic downturns.

John Maynard Keynes

a New Deal agency created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to help the economy recover from the Great Depression. The NRA's goals were to reduce competition, set prices, and improve working conditions

National Recovery Administration

a series of programs and policies created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help the United States recover from the Great Depression. The New Deal was a response to the stock market crash of 1929

New Deal

he New Deal coalition was an American political coalition that supported the Democratic Party beginning in 1932. The coalition is named after President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, and the follow-up Democratic presidents. It was composed of voting blocs who supported them

New deal Coalition

government-funded projects aimed at constructing and maintaining infrastructure for public use

public works

the period during which a specific president is in office, encompassing the policies, programs, and actions taken by that president and their cabinet while governing the country

Administration

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was a US government agency that provided loans to banks, businesses, and other organizations during the Great Depression. The RFC was created in 1932 by President Herbert Hoover to help restore public confidence in the economy

RFC

a landmark Supreme Court case, "A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States," where the court declared a key part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), unconstitutional, effectively ruling that the government could not regulate certain aspects of the poultry industry under the Commerce Clause due to excessive delegation of power to the executive branch; often called the "Sick Chicken Case

Schecter v. US

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a federal agency that regulates the stock market and protects investors. It was created in 1934 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New DeaL

SEC

a landmark piece of legislation passed in 1935 during the New Deal era, which established a system of federal old-age benefits for retired workers, unemployment insurance, and aid for dependent children, essentially creating a safety net for citizens facing economic hardship during retirement or unemployment; it is considered a major expansion of the federal government's role in social welfare

Social Security Act

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federal agency that was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 to address the needs of the Tennessee Valley region. The TVA was a New Deal program that helped to improve the region's economy, provide jobs, and control flooding

TVA

he Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, was a landmark piece of labor legislation that established the legal right for workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining. This act significantly strengthened labor unions and aimed to improve labor relations by prohibiting unfair labor practices by employers. It is a critical element in understanding both the New Deal's impact on workers' rights and the evolution of the economy in the post-World War II era.

Wagner Act

A committee organized by isolationists in 1940 to oppose the entrance of the United States into World War II. The membership of the committee included senators, journalists, and publishers, and such well-respected figures as the aviator Charles Lindbergh

America First Committee

A new strategy used against Hitler in which he Western democracies would give into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace.. a foreign policy strategy where a nation makes concessions to an aggressive power, often by giving up territory or political influence, in an attempt to avoid conflict, most notably used by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany in the lead-up to World War II, where they allowed Hitler to annex parts of Czechoslovakia in the Munich Agreement to prevent war; this policy is widely considered a failure as it emboldened Hitler's aggression.

Appeasement

A pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII, to work for peace after the war, and to create an international organization to arbitrate disputes

Atlantic Charter

a pivotal naval battle fought near Midway Island in the Pacific Ocean during World War II, where the United States Navy decisively defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy, marking a turning point in the Pacific theater by halting Japanese advances and significantly shifting the balance of power in favor of the Allies; it took place from June 3-6, 1942

Battle of Midway

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West.

Bracero Program

the 1943 meeting between FDR and Churchill in which the two agreed to step up the Pacific war, invade Sicily, and insist on unconditional surrender. a meeting held in Casablanca, Morocco in January 1943 between US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill where they coordinated Allied military strategy against the Axis powers during World War II, most notably deciding to demand "unconditional surrender" from the Axis nations and plan the invasion of Sicily as the next major offensive move in Europe.

Casablanca Conference

a policy adopted by the United States during the early stages of World War II, allowing belligerent nations to purchase goods from the U.S. only if they paid in cash upfront and transported the goods themselves on their own ships, essentially enabling the U.S. to provide aid to Allied powers while technically maintaining neutrality.

Cash and Carry

he day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war

D-Day

Victory Abroad and Victory at Home. a movement by African Americans during World War II, advocating for "victory abroad" against fascism overseas and "victory at home" against racial segregation and discrimination within the United States, essentially fighting for equality both on the war front and on the home front; it was largely spearheaded by the Pittsburgh Courier, a prominent African American newspaper at the time

Double V Campaign

34th President of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961, and is best known for his leadership during the Cold War era, including his approach to the Vietnam War. here he focused on containment of communism and is often associated with the "Eisenhower Doctrine" which pledged US support to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communist aggression; he was also a prominent WWII general, famous for leading the D-Day invasion

Dwight Eisenhower

Withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere

Good neighbor policy

refers to the two Japanese cities that were bombed by the United States with atomic bombs on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, marking the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, ultimately leading to Japan's surrender in World War II; this event is significant for its immense destructive power and the ethical questions it raised about civilian casualties in war.

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators during World War II. This genocide also targeted other groups such as Romani people, disabled individuals, Poles, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, and others deemed 'undesirable.' The Holocaust profoundly impacted postwar diplomacy as nations grappled with the implications of such atrocities, leading to significant discussions around human rights, war crimes, and the establishment of Israel

Holocaust

a military strategy used during World War II, particularly in the Pacific Theater, where Allied forces focused on capturing specific islands while bypassing others

Island Hopping

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

Korematsu v. US

a policy enacted during World War II that allowed the United States to lend or lease military supplies to Allied nations deemed "vital to the defense of the United States," essentially providing crucial war materials like weapons, food, and equipment without directly entering the war, marking a significant shift from American neutrality towards supporting the Allied cause

Lend-Lease

a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Manhattan Project

laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars

Neutrality Acts

a U.S. naval base located on the island of Oahu in Hawaii, famously attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. This surprise military strike led to the United States' entry into World War II, marking a pivotal moment in both American history and the global conflict

Pearl Harbor

The central aim of the Tehran conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, and the chief discussion was centred on the opening of a second front in Western Europe (D-Day). The conference discussed relations with Turkey and Iran. Stalin, Churchill and FDR, this was to discuss the post-war map and division of Europe and particularly how Germany would be governed. Stalin promised to allow Poland to have a free government post-war. Stalin, Churchill / Clement Atlee and Harry Truman. This divided Germany into four zones to be administered by the US, UK, France and Russia, agreed the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and agreed war reparations against Germany.

Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam

Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize nation's war machine. It had sweeping powers over the U.S. economy and was abolished in November 1945 soon after Japan's defeat. a government agency established during World War II, primarily responsible for coordinating the production of military materials by converting civilian industries into wartime production facilities, ensuring the armed forces received necessary equipment and supplies by managing resource allocation and prioritizing military contracts; essentially, it oversaw the transition of the American economy to support the war effort.

War Production Board

PERIOD 7 Flashcards

(115 cards)