unit 4 Flashcards
(63 cards)
Marbury v. Madison
Judicial Review. Supreme Court has the power to determine if a law is constitutional or not.
Fletcher v. Peck
First time SC declared a state law unconstitutional.
Election of 1800
Known as the “Revolution of 1800,” where Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power.
Louisiana purchase
Doubled the size of the U.S., gave control of the Mississippi River, and encouraged westward expansion.
Marbury v. Madison (1803):
Established judicial review, increasing the power of the Supreme Court.
War of 1812 (1812-1815):
Conflict with Britain, spurred by issues like impressment and trade restrictions. Resulted in increased nationalism and the end of Native resistance in the Old Northwest.
Transportation Revolution
Innovations like the steamboat, canals (e.g., Erie Canal), and railroads spurred economic growth by linking different regions.
Cumberland Road
Erie canal
a man-made waterway constructed between 1817 and 1825 that connected the Hudson River in New York to Lake Erie, effectively linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, which significantly facilitated the transportation of goods and people westward, boosting the economy of New York state and contributing to westward expansion in the United States; it is considered a major development in the “Transportation Revolution.”
Rise of Factories and Industrialization:
New England textile mills, powered by immigrant labor and the Lowell system, marked a shift from artisanal to factory-based production.
Shift in Labor:
Rise of wage labor, increased urbanization, and the beginnings of a distinct working-class identity.
Election of Andrew Jackson (1828):
His presidency symbolized the “common man’s” rise in politics and democracy expansion.
Cotton Gin (1793):
Invention by Eli Whitney accelerated the spread of cotton agriculture in the South, deepening the reliance on slavery.
Indian Removal Act (1830):
Led to the forced relocation of Native Americans, notably the Cherokee, in the “Trail of Tears.”
Bank War:
Jackson’s opposition to the Second Bank of the U.S. resulted in its destruction and contributed to the Panic of 1837.
Nullification Crisis (1832):
Showed tensions between federal and state power when South Carolina opposed tariffs.
Second Great Awakening:
A Protestant revival movement that emphasized individual salvation and social reform.
It encouraged social reforms, such as the abolition of slavery, temperance, and women’s rights, and birthed a uniquely American evangelical fervor.
Abolitionist Movement:
Leaders like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass pushed for the immediate end of slavery, while tensions grew between gradualists and immediatists.
Women’s Rights:
The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) issued the Declaration of Sentiments, marking the beginning of the organized women’s movement in the U.S.
Temperance and Other Reforms:
Aimed at curbing alcohol consumption, improving education, prison reform, and asylums.
Growth of Slavery in the South:
Cotton production fueled demand for slave labor, leading to stricter slave codes and defenses of slavery as a “positive good.”
Social Stratification:
Wealth disparities grew in the North, and free Black communities faced discrimination despite abolitionist efforts.
Immigration:
Surge in immigrants, particularly Irish and German, in the 1840s, which impacted labor, politics, and culture.
Germans = Skilled
Irish= Not skilled
textile mills
“Lowell girls,” Massachusetts
Cotton Gin and Expansion of Slavery:
Eli Whitney’s invention made cotton processing more efficient, leading to the expansion of slavery in the South as cotton became the main cash crop. This intensified the North-South economic and ideological divide over slavery.
