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Washington Pesticide Laws and Saftey > Pesticide Formulations > Flashcards

Flashcards in Pesticide Formulations Deck (40)
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1
Q

The component of a pesticide that controls the target pest is called the _______, while the nonpesticidal mix contains the ________.

A

Active ingredients and Inert Ingredients.

2
Q

Liquid products contain at least one of the following:

A

A solution, suspension, or emulsion.

3
Q

How is a solution made?

A

by dissolving a substance into a liquid. True solutions will not settle out, nor will it need agitation.

4
Q

Solid products do not dissolve and must be agitated to maintain even distribution in what?

A

A suspension.

5
Q

True or False: Pesticide products formulated as suspensions are water-soluble.

A

False. They are not water-soluble. They form with more dilute suspensions when mixed with water to make a finished spray. Shake well and use the best equipment for agitation.

6
Q

What is a mixture made by suspending droplets of one liquid in another?

A

An emulsion.

7
Q

How do you make an emulsion?

A

by dissolving an active ingredient into an oil-based solvent and then further diluting it with water.

8
Q

By rule, what appearance do emulsions have?

A

Milky, with additives that prevent it from settling.

9
Q

What are emulsifiable concentrates?

A

Liquid formulations with the active ingredient dissolved in one or more petroleum solvents.

10
Q

How many pounds of active ingredients per gallon of the formulated product does an emulsifiable concentrate contain?

A

2 to 8 pounds.

11
Q

Name two advantages and two disadvantages of emulsifiable concentrates.

A

Advantages: Easier to handle, transport, and store (one), little agitation, nonabrasive, and won’t clog screens or nozzles.

Disadvantages: increases hazard, higher phototoxicity, easily absorbed to skin and animals, deteriorate equipment, corrode, pit, or discolor painting surfaces (one), flammable.

12
Q

______ are formulations with a water-soluble active ingredient dissolved in one or more liquids.

A

Solutions. Advantages and disadvantages vary on the solvents used, concentration of active ingredients, and type of equipment.

13
Q

What are soluble powders?

A

Dry, powdered formulations containing 25 to 80 percent active ingredient that dissolves readily in water, forming a true solution.

14
Q

True or False: A disadvantage of soluble powders and that they may be hazardous if handled during mixture due to the dust like consistency.

A

True. Though they do contain lower phytotoxicity than some liquid formulations and absorb slower in the skin and eyes,

15
Q

True or False: Wettable powders dissolve in water. (Name the type of liquid pesticide product category)

A

False. Wettable powders are suspensions.

16
Q

Given _____ usually contain 4 or more pounds od active ingredients per gallon of formulation, they should be handled with the same care as ECs and solutions.

A

Flowables. The advantages are that they seldom clog the nozzle and usually do not present an inhalation hazard when mixing.

17
Q

What are Invert emulsions and what is a large advantage of using them?

A

Invert emulsions contain water-soluble pesticide dispersed in oil and requires a special emulsifier. Their drift and runoff are minimal compared to others.

18
Q

Which formulations requires constant agitation to keep it suspended in water? (Name one extra feature)

A

Water-Dispersible Granules, which are dustless.

19
Q

Which formulations include a finely ground inert substance such as talc, clay, nut hulls, or volcanic ash?

A

Dust formulations, which contain a low percentage of active ingredient (0.5 to 10 percent).

20
Q

Which formulations are ready to use and contain 2 to 15 percent of active ingredient?

A

Granules and Pellets.

21
Q

True or False: Dust formulations are mostly used to apply chemicals to the soil, where they control weeds, nematodes, and insects or absorbed by plant roots.

A

False. Granular pesticides would be used for this, which are mostly used to deliver a systemic pesticide.

22
Q

What are Bait formulations and how much active ingredient to they contain?

A

Baits are active ingredients mixed with an edible substance or some attractant and contain less than 5%.

23
Q

What are some disadvantages of baits?

A

Might be attractive to children and pets, wildlife and domestic animals may be affected, target pests might find other food more attractive, application costs, and dead pests might pose a smell or sanitation issue.

24
Q

Which insecticides are now the primary formulation for cockroach control?

A

Pastes and gels usually applied with a syringe or gun.

25
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of Gels and Pasts?

A

Advantages: Odorless and vapor-less, low toxicity for humans, lasts long, low exposure risk, hidden placement, and easily placed.

Disadvantage: pesticides can become contaminated, run and drip, stain, and cause unsightly buildup.

26
Q

What is an advantage of pesticide-fertilizer combination?

A

They apply nutrients and control pests at the same time.

27
Q

Which formulations are the most hazardous and what are they restricted to?

A

Fumigants, which are restricted to soli and closed structures.

28
Q

What should you base your decision on when choosing from one from several available formulations?

A

Legal and label use, signal word, applicator safety, environmental safety, pest biology, site characteristics, target (surface area), and equipment.

29
Q

True or False: Pesticide and pest management are always considerations, but cost concerns should come first.

A

False. Pesticide and pest management should come first.

30
Q

True or False: Pesticides can be tank-mixed unless a label prohibits is.

A

True.

31
Q

Two or more pesticides that can be mixed together are said to be ________ while those that cannot be effectively mixed are said to be __________.

A

Compatible and incompatible.

32
Q

How can one tell products are incompatible?

A

Chemical or physical separation into layers, globules, clumps, precipitates, or gels.

33
Q

Incompatibility can cause what major problems?

A

Loss of effectiveness, phytotoxicity, increased hazard, clogging.

34
Q

When is the blame shouldered by the manufacturer?

A

When mixture is promoted on the label.

35
Q

What is a spray adjuvant?

A

Any product intended to be used with a pesticide as an aid to the application or to the effect of the pesticide, contained within a separate package or container.

36
Q

True or False: Washington legally classifies spray adjuvants used in tank-mixing as pesticides even though the EPA does not.

A

True.

37
Q

_________ are spray adjuvants that alter the dispersing, spreading, and/or wetting properties of spray adjuvants.

A

Surfactants. Stickers, penetrants, and safeners are additional adjuvants that influence the adherence, absorption, or safety of a pesticide mixture on a treated surface.

38
Q

Unless specified on the label, what order should you mix?

A

Water, buffer, wettable powders, flowables, soluble powders, surfactants, end ECs. Agitate after each addition.

39
Q

Which formulations dissolve in water?

A

Solutions and solubles.

40
Q

Adjuvants are often required when making applications to leaves that are _____ or ______.

A

Waxy or hairy.