pharm

Question 1

What are the parenteral routes of medication administration?

Answer 1

• Intravenous (IV)
• Subcutaneous (SC)
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Intraosseous (IO)
• Buccal
• Sublingual (SL)
• Rectal (PR)
• Vaginal
• Transdermal (TD)
• Inhalation
• Topical
• Intranasal (IN)
• Ophthalmic
• Otic
• Intradermal

Question 2

What is the difference between IV push (IVP) and IV infusion?

Answer 2

IV push involves administering medication quickly, while IV infusion involves administering medication slowly over time.

Question 3

Which routes of medication administration have a quicker onset?

Answer 3

Parenteral routes have a quicker onset compared to enteral routes.

Question 4

What does the term ‘extravasation’ refer to?

Answer 4

Extravasation refers to IV contents entering local tissue.

Question 5

What is a central venous line (CVL)?

Answer 5

A method of IV access placed in deeper veins.

Question 6

Define pharmacotherapeutics.

Answer 6

Using medications for improving health.

Question 7

What does pharmacokinetics study?

Answer 7

How medications move through the body.

Question 8

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 8

The way a drug affects changes in the body.

Question 9

What is pharmacogenomics?

Answer 9

The study of how a person’s genetic makeup affects their response to medications.

Question 10

What does the term ‘mechanism of action’ (MOA) refer to?

Answer 10

What a drug does that leads to the drug’s desired effects.

Question 11

What is the difference between a trade/brand name and a generic name?

Answer 11

Trade/brand name is what the company markets the drug as; generic name is what is most often used in healthcare.

Question 12

What is a combination drug?

Answer 12

A single pill or solution that contains multiple medications.

Question 13

Define over the counter (OTC) drugs.

Answer 13

Drugs that are FDA approved and deemed safe for public use.

Question 14

What does ‘first pass’ refer to in pharmacology?

Answer 14

A reduction in the medication by the liver for medications taken enterally.

Question 15

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 15

A barrier that protects the brain from potentially harmful entrants.

Question 16

What is the definition of excretion?

Answer 16

Elimination from the body, primarily via the kidneys.

Question 17

Define metabolism in the context of pharmacology.

Answer 17

The metabolism or biosynthesis of a drug, primarily via the liver.

Question 18

What is half-life?

Answer 18

How long until the medication level drops by half.

Question 19

What is a loading dose?

Answer 19

A large dose given to quickly bring the drug to therapeutic levels.

Question 20

What is a maintenance dose?

Answer 20

A dose given to maintain current drug levels.

Question 21

Define potency.

Answer 21

How strong a medication is.

Question 22

What does efficacy refer to?

Answer 22

How effective a medication is.

Question 23

What is an agonist?

Answer 23

A medication that stimulates the effects of a receptor or substance.

Question 24

What is an antagonist?

Answer 24

A medication that inhibits the effects of a receptor or substance.

Question 25

What does off-label use mean?

Answer 25

When a medication is used for an effect other than what it is FDA approved for.

Question 26

Define taper in pharmacology.

Answer 26

A slow decrease of a medication dose.

Question 27

What does titrate mean?

Answer 27

A slow increase of a medication dose.

Question 28

What does NKDA stand for?

Answer 28

No known drug allergies.

Question 29

What does NKA stand for?

Answer 29

No known allergies.

Question 30

Define refractory.

Answer 30

When a patient does not respond to a medication or treatment.

Question 31

What is a black box warning?

Answer 31

An alert of potential risk with a medication.

Question 32

What does contraindication mean?

Answer 32

An alert to not give the medication in circumstances where it is contraindicated.

Question 33

What is a multi-dose vial (MDV)?

Answer 33

A vial that has more than one dose in it.

Question 34

What is the minimum effective concentration?

Answer 34

The lowest concentration where the medication is effective.

Question 35

Define toxic concentration.

Answer 35

The concentration where the medication is toxic.

Question 36

What is the therapeutic range?

Answer 36

The area between effective and toxic concentrations.

Question 37

What is a reversal agent (antidote)?

Answer 37

A medication or substance used to counteract the effects of another drug, toxin, or poison.

Question 38

What is the difference between a side effect and an adverse effect?

Answer 38

A side effect is an unintended reaction; an adverse effect is an undesirable reaction.

Question 39

What does tolerance mean in pharmacology?

Answer 39

When a set dose has decreased efficacy due to previous exposures.

Question 40

What does discontinue mean?

Answer 40

The medical term for stopping a medication.

Question 41

What are complementary and alternative medications (CAM)?

Answer 41

Substances taken for health that are not regulated like medications by the FDA.

Question 42

What are the six rights of medication administration?

Answer 42

* Patient * Medication * Time * Dose * Route * Documentation

Question 43

What is pharmacoeconomics?

Answer 43

Being considerate of costs in making medication decisions.

Question 44

What impact do factors of absorption have on medication delivery?

Answer 44

They affect how well the medication is delivered.

Question 45

What should be considered when managing medication doses per day?

Answer 45

The more doses per day, the less likelihood of compliance.

Question 46

What should you know about enteric coated, sustained release, or extended release medications?

Answer 46

They cannot be crushed.

Question 47

What constitutes a valid medication order?

Answer 47

Must include patient, drug name, dose, route, and time.

Question 48

What is the most common healthcare error?

Answer 48

Medication-related errors.

Question 49

What should be done immediately after any medication error?

Answer 49

Assess and report the error to the provider and charge RN.

Question 50

What is the role of non-pharmacological interventions in medication administration?

Answer 50

To be used before and/or with medications.

Question 51

What is the schedule classification of controlled substances?

Answer 51

Divided into 5 classes regulated by the DEA.

Question 52

What is a schedule one drug?

Answer 52

No federally approved medical uses.

Question 53

What are examples of schedule two drugs?

Answer 53

* Hydromorphone * Fentanyl * Morphine

Question 54

What are examples of schedule three drugs?

Answer 54

* Amphetamine * Pentobarbital

Question 55

What are examples of schedule four drugs?

Answer 55

* Benzodiazepines

Question 56

What are examples of schedule five drugs?

Answer 56

* Products containing small amounts of codeine

Question 57

What should patients be educated about regarding controlled substances?

Answer 57

The risk of abuse and dependency.

Question 58

What special considerations are there for pediatric patients regarding medication?

Answer 58

* Underdeveloped blood-brain barrier * Weight-based dosing * Safe storage

Question 59

What is teratogenicity?

Answer 59

How toxic a medication is to a pregnancy.

Question 60

What are some considerations for geriatric patients in pharmacology?

Answer 60

* Risk of polypharmacy * Decreased renal and hepatic function * Increased sensitivity to certain medications

Question 61

What is the role of the CYP450 system?

Answer 61

A group of liver enzymes responsible for metabolizing many drugs.

Question 62

What is the significance of CYP3A4?

Answer 62

Involved in the metabolism of roughly half of all drugs.