Pharm and Nervous system

Question 1

________ innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands - essentially all organs that contain at least some smooth muscle; purpose is to maintain homeostasis and respond to stress; referred to as the involuntary nervous system because it is beyond conscious control

Answer 1

Autonomic nervous system -

Question 2

___________ innervates skeletal muscle; under the conscious control of higher centers in the brain; referred to as the voluntary nervous system

Answer 2

Somatic motor nervous system –

Question 3

Autonomic nerve has intermediate synpase at:

Answer 3

autonomic ganglion

Question 4

What is nerve fnx of autonomic nerve

Answer 4

can be excitatory or inhibitor

Question 5

What are the target organ for somatic nerve

Answer 5

skeletal muscles

Question 6

intermediate synapse for somatic nerve

Answer 6

none

Question 7

Nerve myelination is _______ on somatic nerves

Answer 7

present

Question 8

Nerve myelination is ________ on post gangs of ANS

Answer 8

absent

Question 9

Consequences of Nerve Sectioning in somatic nerve:

Answer 9

Paralysis and atrophy of muscle

Question 10

Consequences of Nerve Sectioning in Autonomic nerve

Answer 10

Retain some level of spontaneous activity (Release from central control)

Question 11

Ratio of Segment Lengths
Short Pre-ganglionic, Long Post-ganglionic is:
Long Pre-ganglionic, Short Post-ganglionic:

Answer 11

SNS

PNS

Question 12

Degree of divergence in PNS

Answer 12

low, 1:3 for a pre;post ratio

Question 13

Degree of divergence in SNS

Answer 13

HIGH for Pre:post, very divergent effects

Question 14

Nerve fnx for SNS

Answer 14

excitatory or inhibitor

Question 15

nerve funx for PNS

Answer 15

excitatory or inhibitory

Question 16

What regulates activity of structures not under voluntary control that function below the level of consciousness (respiration, circulation, digestion, temperature, metabolism, sweating, endocrine gland secretion)

Answer 16

Autonomic nerves

Question 17

Sympathetic

a. normally_________ active
b. the degree of activity varies from moment to moment and from organ to organ thus allowing :

Answer 17

continuously

adjustment to a changing environment

Question 18

• ___________ heart rate and blood pressure
• shift in blood flow from skin & splanchnic regions to skeletal muscles
• ________ blood glucose and free fatty acids

Answer 18

increased

increase

Question 19

What happens to bronchioles and pupils during SNS stimulation

Answer 19

dilate

Question 20

Actions of SNS reinforced by_________ released from the adrenal medulla

Answer 20

epinephrine

Question 21

concerned with conservation and maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity

Answer 21

PNS

Question 22

PNS causes pupillary______

Answer 22

constriction

Question 23

emptying of bladder and rectum during PNS or SNS

Answer 23

PNS

Question 24

How do nerve impulses elicit responses of tissues

Answer 24

through liberation of specific chemical neurotransmitters

Question 25

Vagusstöff discovered:

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Acceleranstöff discovered:

Answer 26

Epinephrine | frogs, norepinephrine in mammals

Question 27

Steps involved in neurotransmission

Answer 27

1. Axonal conduction | 2. Junctional transmission

Question 28

passage of an impulse along an axon

Answer 28

Axonal conduction

Question 29

passage of an impulse across a synaptic or neuroeffector junction

Answer 29

Junctional transmission

Question 30

Transmitters in Peripheral Nerves: | Which ones are the most important

Answer 30

acetylcholine and norepinephrine (Levophed®)/epinephrine

Question 31

Rate limiting step in making Norepinephrine

Answer 31

- rate-limiting step = tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 32

What is a specific blocker of tyrosine hydroxylase

Answer 32

- α-methyltyrosine

Question 33

Dopamine synthesized in nerve terminals is transported into storage vesicles via

Answer 33

the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)

Question 34

Where is dopamine converted to norepinephrine?

Answer 34

in vesicles

Question 35

What drug can block conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine in the vesicle?

Answer 35

reserpine

Question 36

upon________, granules fuse with the nerve terminal membrane and release norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

Answer 36

depolarization

Question 37

norepinephrine is removed from the synaptic cleft by:reuptake into the nerve terminals by the

Answer 37

norepinephrine transporter called NET

Question 38

This is blocked by cocaine and some tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 38

NET

Question 39

This method removes 87% of Nepi from cleft

Answer 39

Norepinephrine transporter

Question 40

% of Nepi that removed from cleft by

Answer 40

diffusion

Question 41

uptake by extraneuronal transporters (ENT [also referred to as OCT 3 and formerly called uptake 2], OCT 1, and OCT 2) account for what % of diffusion of Nepi from cleft

Answer 41

5%

Question 42

The primary mechanism by which the actions of norepinephrine are terminated is by reuptake into nerve terminals is by

Answer 42

NET

Question 43

This enZ oxidatively deaminates catecholamines -

Answer 43

MAO

Question 44

MAO is found where:

Answer 44

found on the outer surface of mitochondria; located in adrenergic nerve terminals, but also widely distributed with the highest amounts found in liver and kidney

Question 45

two isozymes of MAO

Answer 45

MAO-A & MAO-B

Question 46

This enZ transfers a methyl group to the 3-hydroxy position of the phenyl ring

Answer 46

COMT

Question 47

cytosolic enzyme that is widely distributed with high levels in liver and kidney (not found in adrenergic neurons)

Answer 47

COMT

Question 48

Intraneuronal norepinephrine not taken into storage granules is metabolized by :

Answer 48

MAO

Question 49

metabolites of MAO diffuse from nerve terminals and are subsequently metabolized to

Answer 49

VMA (3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid) - VMA is the primary metabolite secreted into urine

Question 50

concentration of_______ in urine reflects the level of sympathetic drive and is used to diagnose presence of catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma)

Answer 50

VMA

Question 51

presence of catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma) can be detected by

Answer 51

VMA

Question 52

Extraneuronal metabolism by what two enZ are important mechanism for the clearance of circulating and exogenously administered catecholamines

Answer 52

(by COMT and MAO)

Question 53

choline is taken up into nerve terminals via

Answer 53

a Na+-dependent carrier

Question 54

the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis

Answer 54

choline taken up into nerve terminals via Na+ dependent carrier

Question 55

Na+ carrier that takes choline up into the nerve terminals

Answer 55

hemicholinium

Question 56

EnZ responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine from acetyl-CoA and choline in nerve terminals

Answer 56

choline acetyl transferase

Question 57

acetylcholine is transported into vesicle by another transporter

Answer 57

(VAChT, vesicle-associated ACh transporter)

Question 58

acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft by

Answer 58

exocytosis; inhibited by botulinum toxin

Question 59

botulinum toxin does what to Ach exocytosis:

Answer 59

inhibits it

Question 60

Acetylcholine is very rapidly hydrolyzed and inactivated by:

Answer 60

enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 61

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine/epinephrine use same/different receptors to mediate end- organ responses

Answer 61

different

Question 62

End organ response is as much a function of the receptor mediating the response as it is

Answer 62

of the neurotransmitter that elicits the response

Question 63

Receptors for Acetylcholine

Answer 63

(cholinergic receptors)

Question 64

two types of cholingergic receptors

Answer 64

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 65

Nicotinic receptors act on

Answer 65

ganglion, skeletal muscle, neuronal CNS

Question 66

Nicotinic receptors are

Answer 66

ligand-gated ion channels

Question 67

subunit that acetylcholine binds to

Answer 67

alpha

Question 68

Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 68

– G protein-coupled receptors