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Intro to Pharmacology > Pharm Final > Flashcards

Pharm Final Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

The study of cost and benefits/detriments of drugs used clinically:

A

Pharmacoeconomics

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of the BODY on a DRUG?

a) absorption
b) distribution
c) metabolism
d) excretion
e) adverse effects

A

E

-Pharmacokinetics– BODY on drug (ADME)

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3
Q

The study of drug effects between individuals in a population & between populations:

A

Pharmacoepiddemiology

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4
Q

What phase can be used for humans but is still in the post-marketing surveillance phase?

A

Phase 4 (only one with post-marketing)

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5
Q

What phase is the investigative new drug phase?

A

After preclinical testing & before phase 1

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6
Q

What is the new drug application phase?

A

After phase 3 before phase 4

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7
Q

Which of these drug:target interactions is an example of covalent bonding?

A

Aspirin & cyclooxyrgenase (irreversible bond)

(another example is Omeprazole & proton pump)

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8
Q

What determines the degree of movement of a drug between body compartments?

a) size
b) pH
c) degree of ionization
d) protein binding
e) all of the above

A

E

(distribution)

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9
Q

Aspirin readily donates a proton in aqueous solutions. Pyrimethamine readily accepts a proton in aqueous solution. Thus aspirin is a _____ & pyrimethamine is a _____

A

acid; base

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10
Q

For a dose/response chart, what will you need to do to the dose if you add a competitive inhibitor?

A

Increase dose to get same effect as agonist alone

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11
Q

Following the agonist activation of a single GCPR, amplification of the downstream signal occurs because:

A

duration of activation of G-protein is longer than agonist activation of receptor

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12
Q

What allows histamine to get a variety of different effects in different receptors?

A

Heterogeneity of G-protein coupled receptors

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13
Q

What superfamily has a DNA binding domain?

A

Nuclear

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14
Q

What keeps the nuclear receptor ligands stable?

A

Heat shock protein

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15
Q

What receptor takes the longest and requires hours to days to take an effect?

A

Nuclear receptor

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16
Q

What receptors can be involved in rapid responses (seconds to minutes)?

A

GPCR (Beta-adrenergic)
Ligand-gated (Nicotinic-acetylcholine)

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17
Q

Acidic drugs bind primarily to which of the following plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Basic drugs bind primarily to which of the following plasma proteins?

A

Alpha-1 glycoprotein

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19
Q

Cp= plasma concentration

Our goal is to get a plasma concentration within a therapeutic window in order to elicit an appropriate response without reaching toxicity

Parameters of this include:
1. clearance
2. Volume of distribution
3. Half-life

A
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20
Q

Determines the maintenance dose rate:

A

Clearance

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21
Q

Determines the loading rate:

A

Volume of distribution

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22
Q

Determines the time to reach steady state & determines dosing intervals:

A

Half life

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23
Q

For therapeutic response of a drug to occur the drug must be:

A

unbound to plasma protein

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24
Q

The free or unbound fraction of a drug is usually the portion that:

A

exerts a pharmacologic effect

(If protein binding is reduced, greater free drug concentration is available which may lead to increased drug activity)

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25
If a drug is 80% bound to blood elements or plasma proteins, what part is considered the free form?
20%
26
What is the average availability of a drug following IV administration?
100%
27
What organ is responsible for metabolism in the FIRST PASS EFFECT?
Liver
28
Which of the following would receive a drug slowly?
adipose
29
Bactrim is a 2c9 inhibitor and warfarin is a 2c9 substrate. What happens when the two are taken together?
Increased warfarin effect
30
Pharmacokinetics is the effect of the ______ Pharmacodynamics is the effect of the ____
K: Body on drug D: Drug on body
31
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacokinetic process?
the drug causes dilation of coronary vessels (Kinetics = BODIES effect on drug)
32
Which of the following describes MINIMAL effective concentration (MEC):
The minimal drug PLASMA concentration to produce an effect
33
What refers to your body "tank"
Volume of distribution (VD determines loading rate as well)
34
For first-order drug elimination, half-life is T1/2 is _____ at two places on the curve and a constant ____ is lost per unit time
Equal; percentage
35
What happens to insulin once its bound to the receptor?
Phosphate group to tyrosine kinase protein
36
Phyisochemical property of drugs :
-Racemic mixture regarding chirality
37
equation for loading dose for an IV drug?
D= VD x Css / F Dry = very dry x cause / fuck
38
Which of the following drugs would most likely need a loading dose to help reach therapeutic levels:
Whichever drug has the greatest half life
39
Which of the following is the amount of drug absorbed per the amount administered
Bioavailability
40
The lipid soluble form of a base is ____ and the lipid soluble form of an acid is ____
unprotonated protonated
41
What prohibited full FDA review of supplements and botanicals as drugs?
Dietary supplemental health and education act
42
Who is in charge of safety regarding drug development?
Manufacturers
43
What did Paul Ehlrich say about drugs?
A drug will NOT work unless bound
44
What happens to the curve when naloxone is bound to morphine:
Right shift
45
What superfamily receptor is a SINGLE transmembrane spanning domain?
Kinase linked & related receptors
46
What drug is used for patients with TNF-alpha to decrease symptoms?
Infliximab
47
What does verapamil block?
Calcium
48
T/F: The first order elimination of a drug half life is constant
True
49
What needs to occur for a drug to be useful?
Must show a high degree of binding site specificity
50
What drug interaction still allows binding of the agonist but binds to the same receptor?
allosteric antagonist
51
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Statins
52
What doe HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors do?
Competitively inhibit rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver (lovastatin)
53
Anti-epileptic with cognitive impairment, gingival hyperplasia and drug interactions of cyp450 3A4 enzyme induction:
Phenytoin
54
Drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia include:
1. anticonvulsants 2. calcium channel blockers 3. cyclosporine (antifungal)
55
Antianginal medication that works by blocking beta-adrenoreceptor:
Atenolol
56
What are three endogenous catecholamines;
1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine 3. dopamine
57
Cardiac output is a function of:
SV x HR
58
Myocardial oxygen demand is determined by:
1. heart rate 2. myocardial contractility 3. myocardial wall stress
59
Which of the following is true regarding the EXTRINSIC pathway of the coagulation cascade?
results in formation of activated factor VIIa
60
Which of the following is true regarding the INTRINSIC pathway?
all components are present in the blood
61
Predictable dose related reaction NOT part of the therapeutic effect:
Side effect
62
Levofloxacin is a 2c9 inhibitor, warfarin is a 2c9 substrate, what happens when taken together?
Increased warfarin effect
63
What results from covalent modification and alteration of DNA?
Mutagenesis
64
What will dissolve in H2O:
must be ionized
65
T/F: An ionized drug more readily crosses the plasma membrane
False -small uncharged molecules can cross
66
After FDA approval how long is left of patent lie?
5-10 years
67
Beta-2 agonist for short term control in asthma:
Albuterol
68
Vaughn Williams classification for potassium channel blocker:
Class IV
69
What happens to EC50 when competitive agonist is added?
Shifts to right
70
What is a high intensity dose?
Rosuvastatin at 20 mg
71
What is a high intensity dose?
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) 80 mg
72
What has the most perfusion?
Central organs (heart, brain, liver, kidney)
73
HDL should be:
greater than 60
74
LDL should be:
less than 100
75
What competitively inhibits conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by TPA?
tranexamic acid
76
What drug is associated with anaphylactic shock?
PCN
77
Dries secretion and increases heart rate in nerve agent exposure:
Atropine
78
Patient using albuterol for asthma, which medication is most likely to result in pharmacodynamic interaction & negate use?
Propranolol
79
Class of lipid lowering agents most potent lowering LDL cholesterol and also very expensive
PCSK-9 inhibitors
80
Study of genetic basis of ADME and receptor target interactions:
Pharmacogenomics
81
Enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in serum:
acetylcholinesterase
82
Clot that occurs in arterial circulation & consists of platelets:
White thrombus
83
Taking APAP with codeine, how will it affect other meds they take?
SLOWED absorption
84
What should you avoid in asthma patients?
1. Aspirins 2. NSAIDs 3. Opiates 4. Barbiturates 5. Antihistamines
85
Noncovalent type of interaction:
Formation of hydrogen peroxide
86
Antianginal medication with gingival hyperplasia:
Dilitazem
87
DIRECT thrombin inhibitor:
Pradaxa
88
Which would you NOT expect with acute cholinergic toxicity?
Dry mouth
89
Drug for chronic dry mouth, avoid adverse effects while maximizing stimulation of saliva:
M3 receptors
90

Intro to Pharmacology (16 decks)

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