PHARMACOKINETICS

Question 1

how the drug affects the body

Answer 1

Pharmacodynamics

Question 2

how the body acts on the drug

Answer 2

Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

is the study of the interactions
between the chemical
components of living systems
and the foreign chemicals,
including drugs that enter those
systems.

Answer 3

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Question 4

Drugs usually work in one of four ways: RIDI

Answer 4

1. To replace as substitutes for
   missing chemicals
2. To increase certain
   cellular activities
3. To depress cellular
   activities
4. To interfere with functioning of foreign
   cells, such as invading
   microorganisms or neoplasms leading
   to cell death

Question 5

are medications used to treat cancer.
These drugs work by targeting and killing cancer cells, often by interfering with their growth and division processes.

Answer 5

chemotherapeutic agents

Question 6

Specific areas on cell
membranes

Answer 6

Receptor Sites

Question 7

react with certain
chemicals to cause an effect
within the cell

Answer 7

Receptor Sites

Question 8

what breaks down the
reacting chemicals and open
the receptor site for further
stimulation?

Answer 8

Enzymes

Question 9

Interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site

Answer 9

Agonists

Question 10

Prevent breakdown of natural chemicals that are
stimulating the receptor site

Answer 10

Inhibitors

Question 11

React with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, producing no effect

Answer 11

Competitive Antagonist

Question 12

React with specific receptor sites on a cell and by
reacting there prevent the reaction of another
chemical with a different receptor site on that cell

Answer 12

Non Competitive Antagonist

Question 13

Drugs also can cause their effects by interfering with the

Answer 13

Enzyme System

Question 14

act as catalysts for various chemical
reactions

Answer 14

Enzyme system

Question 15

Enzyme systems work in a what fashion?

Answer 15

cascade fashion

Question 16

what do u call when with one
enzyme activating another, and then that enzyme activating another, until a cellular reaction eventually occurs

Answer 16

cascade fashion

Question 17

The ability of a drug to
attack only those
systems found in foreign
cells

Answer 17

Selective Toxicity

Question 18

involves the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism
(biotransformation), and excretion of drugs

Answer 18

Pharmacokinetics

Question 19

In clinical practice, pharmacokinetic considerations includes…ODTDMS

Answer 19

1. onset of drug action
2. drug half life
3. timing of the peak effect
4. duration of drug effects
5. metabolism
6. Site of excretion

Question 20

(how long it will take to see the beginning of the
therapeutic effect),

Answer 20

Onset of drug action

Question 21

(how long it
will take to see the maximum effect of the drug)

Answer 21

timing of peak effect

Question 22

(how long the patient will experience the drug effects)

Answer 22

duration of drug effect

Question 23

The amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect

Answer 23

Critical Concentration

Question 24

A higher dose than that usually used for treatment to reach critical concentration quickly

Answer 24

Loading Dose

Question 25

Dynamic Equilibrium; processes:

Answer 25

1. Absorption from the site of entry 2. dISTRIBUTION TO THE ACTIVE SITE 3. biotransformation in the liver 4. Excretion from the body

Question 26

Refers to what happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues

Answer 26

Absorption

Question 27

Drug absorption is influenced by the

Answer 27

route of administration

Question 28

Process of Absorption:

Answer 28

1. Passive Diffusion 2. Active Transport 3. Filtration

Question 29

Major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body

Answer 29

Passive diffusion

Question 30

Occurs across a concentration gradient

Answer 30

Passive diffusion

Question 31

Movement from an area of greater concentration to lower concentration

Answer 31

Passive Diffusion

Question 32

Process that uses energy to actively move a molecule across a cell membrane

Answer 32

Active Transport

Question 33

Involves movement through pores in the cell membrane either down a concentration gradient or as a result of the pull of plasmaproteins

Answer 33

filtration

Question 34

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the process of filtration?

Answer 34

maintain oncotic pressure

Question 35

Route of Absorption

Answer 35

1. Intravenous 2. Intramuscular 3. Intradermal 4. PO oral 5. PR rectal 6. Mucous Membrane 7. Topical (skin) 8. Inhalation

Question 36

Involves the movement of a drug to the body’s tissues

Answer 36

DISTRIBUTION

Question 37

Factors that affect drug distribution:

Answer 37

* Drug’s lipid solubility and ionization * Perfusion of the reactive tissue

Question 38

Most drugs are bound to some extent to proteins in the blood to be carried to the circulation.

Answer 38

Protein Binding

Question 39

Is a protective system of cellular activity that keeps many things away from the CNS.

Answer 39

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Question 40

what type of drugs are more likely to pass through the blood brain barrier?

Answer 40

highly lipid soluble

Question 41

Many drugs pass through the _______ and affect the developing fetus in pregnant women

Answer 41

Placenta and Breast Milk

Question 42

The process by which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals

Answer 42

Biotransformation (metablism)

Question 43

Drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the ______ directly into the ______ system.

Answer 43

small intestine, portal venous system

Question 44

The portal veins deliver these absorbed molecules into the _____, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a _______.

Answer 44

liver, series of liver enzymes

Question 45

what do u call this effect when drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed from the small intestine directly into the portal venous system. The portal veins deliver these absorbed molecules into the liver, which immediately transforms most of the chemicals delivered to it by a series of liver enzymes.

Answer 45

FIRST PASS EFFECT

Question 46

Is the removal of a drug from the body.

Answer 46

EXCRETION

Question 47

ROUTES FOR EXCRETION:

Answer 47

Skin, saliva, lungs, bile and feces Excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration

Question 48

is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved.

Answer 48

HALF LIFE

Question 49

FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG EFFECTS: WAG PP GIPETC

Answer 49

1. weight 2. Age 3. Gender 4. Physiologic Factor 5. Pathological Factor 6. Genetic Factor 7. Immunological factors 8. Psychological factor 9. Environmental Factor 10. Tolerance 11. Cumulation

Question 50

new area of study that explores the unique differences in response to drugs that each individual possesses based on genetic makeup.

Answer 50

Pharmacogenomics

Question 51

When two or more drugs or substances are taken together, there is a possibility that an interaction can occur, causing unanticipated effects in the body.

Answer 51

Interactions

Question 52

Types of Interactions:

Answer 52

1. Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions 2. Drug to Laboratory Test Interaction 3. Drug to Food Interaction

Question 53

Drug to Drug or Drug to Alternative Therapy Interactions

Answer 53

* At the site of absorption * During distribution * During metabolism * During excretion * At the sire of action

Question 54

administration of a particular drug may alter results of tests that are done on various chemical levels or reactions as part of a diagnostic study

Answer 54

Drug to Laboratory Test Interaction

Question 55

Some foods increase acid production, speeding the breakdown of the drug molecule and preventing absorption and distribution of the drug

Answer 55

Drug to Food Interaction

Question 56

All drugs are potentially dangerous. Even though chemicals are carefully screened and tested in animals and in people before they are approved for sale, drug products often cause unexpected or unacceptable reactions when they are administered. Drugs are chemicals, and the human body operates by a vast series of chemical reactions.

Answer 56

TOXIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS

Question 57

Are undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous.

Answer 57

Adverse Effect

Question 58

Development of adverse reaction from simple overdose which can be caused by individual response to the drug, high or low body weight, age or underlying pathology that alters the effects of the drug

Answer 58

Primary Action

Question 59

Effects of the drug in addition to the desired pharmacological effect

Answer 59

Secondary Action

Question 60

Excessively responsive to either the primary or the secondary effects of a drug. It may result from pathological or underlying condition

Answer 60

Hypersensitivity

Question 61

Occurs when the body forms antibodies to a particular drug, causing an immune response when the person is re exposed to the drug

Answer 61

Drug Allergy

Question 62

Four Classification of Drug Allergy: ACSD

Answer 62

1. Anaphylactic reactions 2. Cytotoxic reactions 3. Serum sickness 4. Delayed reactions

Question 63

Drug induced tissue and organ damage:

Answer 63

1. Dermatologic Reaction 2. Superinfections 3. Blood Dyscrasia 4. Toxicity 5 Alteration in Glucose Metabolism 6. Electrolyte Imbalances 7. Sensory Effect 8. Neurological Effect

Question 64

Drugs that affect the developing fetus or embryo which may cause death or congenital defects

Answer 64

Teratogenicity