ThoraxLungs Flashcards by Krix Arnaiz

FOUR COMPONENTS OF A RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT

INSPECTION

PALPATION

PERCUSSION

AUSCULTATION

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forms the thorax (chest) portion of the body

thoracic cage (rib cage)

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It consist of how many pairs of ribs?

12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum

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The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the?

12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)

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The thoracic cage protects the what?

heart and lungs

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The ribs are classified as?

true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12)

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The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as

floating ribs (11–12).

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It is the elongated bony structure that anchors the anterior thoracic cage

Sternum

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sternum consists of three parts:

the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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is the wider, superior portion of the sternum

manubrium

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The top of the manubrium has a shallow, U-shaped border called the

jugular (suprasternal) notch

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The elongated, central portion of the sternum is the?

body

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The inferior tip of the sternum is the?

xiphoid process.

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t is located between the ribcage (sternum) and the shoulder blade (scapula). It is the bone that connects the arm to the body.

Clavicle

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it is the eponymous name given to the sternal angle which is the palpable anatomical feature formed from the manubriosternal junction

ANGLE OF LOUIS

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is the joint of the sternal body and the manubrium.

manubriosternal junction

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a type of joint characterized as a fibrous connection between two bones (the manubrium and the sternal body in the case of the angle of Louis) which does not allow any significant movement.

synarthrosis

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ACCORDING TO UNDERLYING LUNGS AND LOBES: RIGHT LUNG

UPPER
MIDDLE
LOWER

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ACCORDING TO UNDERLYING LUNGS AND LOBES: LEFT LUNG

UPPER
LOWER

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INSPECTION

( SSPRCIACS)
Shape
Scars
Prominent veins
Resp rate and rhythm
Chest wall movement
Intercostal recession
Added sounds
Cyanosis
Sputum

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Chest wall movement?

symmetrical, hyperinflated, paradoxical movement

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the chest and abdomen move in the same direction during breathing?

Symmetrical

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occur when air gets trapped in the lungs and causes them to overinflate. caused by blockages in the air passages or by air sacs that are less elastic, which interferes with the expulsion of air from the lungs.

Hyperinflated

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an obvious sign that the portion of the chest wall is not assisting with the breathing function.

Paradoxical Movement

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PALPATION

(TPC) Tenderness Position of apex beat Chest wall expansion

The actual beat which you can feel is the very tip of the?

Left Ventricle

As you feel the apex beating it should be in time with the?

Carotid Pulse

Assessing for chest expansion?

(symmetric or asymmetric)

normal range of chest expansion is?

2-5 cm

Assessing for chest expansion provides clues regarding the presence of?

chest wall pathology, lung volume loss or obstruction.

PERCUSSION

compare both sides start over the clavicles move down anterior chest, ensure to percuss over lateral chest

Percussion Sounds: Description: Long, loud, low pitched, hollow Significance: Normal Lung sounds

Resonant

Percussion Sounds: Medium in intensity and pitch, moderate length areas of increased density/decreased air (consolidation, collapse, fibrosis, abscess, neoplasm)

dullness

Percussion Sounds: Thudlike unique for pleural effusion

Stony dull

Percussion Sounds: Very loud, low pitched areas of decreased density-increased air (pneumothorax)

Hyper resonant

Auscultation BREATH SOUNDS:

Normal Absent Reduced Bronchial

BREATH SOUNDS: Normal or “vesicular” often described as?

rustling

BREATH SOUNDS: Reduced local

effusion, tumor, pneumothorax, pneumonia or collapse

BREATH SOUNDS: Reduced global

COPD or asthma (life threatening)

BREATH SOUNDS: has a hollow blowing quality?

“bronchial” breathing

Examples of Added sounds?

Wheeze Crackles Rub Stridor

Types of Wheeze?

Polyphonic and Monophonic

whistling from narrowing of the airways

Wheeze

air entering collapsed airway.

Crackles

Types of crackles?

Coarse and Fine

heard at end of inspiration from inflamed pleural surfaces

Rub

inspiratory, musical, very loud, monophonic wheeze (crowing sound).

Stridor

LUNG CONDITIONS Damage to the lungs results in difficulty blowing air out, causing shortness of breath

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

LUNG CONDITIONS is by far the most common cause of COPD.

Smoking

LUNG CONDITIONS A form of COPD usually caused by smoking. The fragile walls between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making breathing difficult.

Emphysema

LUNG CONDITIONS Repeated, frequent episodes of productive cough, usually caused by smoking. Breathing also becomes difficult in this form of COPD.

Chronic bronchitis

LUNG CONDITIONS Infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, are the most common cause, but pneumonia may also be caused by a virus.

Pneumonia

LUNG CONDITIONS The lungs' airways (bronchi) become inflamed and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and wheezing.

Asthma

LUNG CONDITIONS often trigger asthma?

Allergies, viral infections, or air pollution

LUNG CONDITIONS An infection of the lungs' large airways (bronchi), usually caused by a virus

Acute bronchitis

LUNG CONDITIONS is the main symptom of acute bronchitis.

Cough

LUNG CONDITIONS A form of interstitial lung disease. The interstitium (walls between air sacs) become scarred, making the lungs stiff and causing shortness of breath.

Pulmonary fibrosis

LUNG CONDITIONS Fluid builds up in the normally tiny space between the lung and the inside of the chest wall (the pleural space).

Pleural effusion

LUNG CONDITIONS Inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleura), which often causes pain when breathing in. Autoimmune conditions, infections, or a pulmonary embolism may cause pleurisy.

Pleurisy

LUNG CONDITIONS The airways (bronchi) become inflamed and expand abnormally, usually after repeated infections. .

Bronchiectasis

LUNG CONDITIONS A genetic condition in which mucus does not clear easily from the airways. The excess mucus causes repeated episodes of bronchitis and pneumonia throughout life.

Cystic fibrosis

LUNG CONDITIONS A collection of conditions in which the interstitium (lining between the air sacs) becomes diseased. Fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium eventually results, if the process can't be stopped.

Interstitial lung disease

LUNG CONDITIONS Cancer may affect almost any part of the lung.

Lung Cancer

LUNG CONDITIONS A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis

LUNG CONDITIONS A blood clot (usually from a vein in the leg) may break off and travel to the heart, which pumps the clot (embolus) into the lungs.

Pulmonary embolism

LUNG CONDITIONS Air in the chest; it occurs when air enters the area around the lung (the pleural space) abnormally.

Pneumothorax

LABORATORY TESTS is the most common first test for lung problems. It can identify air or fluid in the chest, fluid in the lung, pneumonia, masses, foreign bodies, and other problems

Chest X-ray

LABORATORY TESTS uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed pictures of the lungs and nearby structures.

Computed tomography (CT scan)

LABORATORY TESTS A series of tests to evaluate how well the lungs work. Lung capacity, the ability to exhale forcefully, and the ability to transfer air between the lungs and blood are usually tested.

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

LABORATORY TESTS Part of PFTs measures how fast and how much air you can breathe out.

Spirometry

LABORATORY TESTS Culturing mucus coughed up from the lungs can sometimes identify the organism responsible for a pneumonia or bronchitis.

Sputum culture

LABORATORY TESTS Viewing sputum under a microscope for abnormal cells can help diagnose lung cancer and other conditions.

Sputum cytology

LABORATORY TESTS A small piece of tissue is taken from the lungs, either through bronchoscopy or surgery. Examining the biopsied tissue under a microscope can help diagnose lung conditions

Lung Biopsy

LABORATORY TESTS An endoscope (flexible tube with a lighted camera on its end) is passed through the nose or mouth into the airways (bronchi). A doctor can take biopsies or samples for culture during bronchoscopy.

Flexible bronchoscopy

LABORATORY TESTS A rigid metal tube is introduced through the mouth into the lungs' airways. Rigid bronchoscopy is often more effective than flexible bronchoscopy, but it requires general (total) anesthesia.

Rigid bronchoscopy

LABORATORY TESTS uses radio waves in a magnetic field to create high-resolution images of structures inside the chest.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan)

ThoraxLungs Flashcards

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