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Clinical Medicine > Pharmacolgy + microbiology > Flashcards

Pharmacolgy + microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What adverse effects can beta lactams cause (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenams)

A

GI upset
Penicillins can also have allergies and therefore anaphylaxis

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2
Q

What adverse effects could amino glycosides have (gentamicin)

A

Oto/renal toxicity

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3
Q

What adverse effects could macrolides have (clarithromycin and erythromycin)

A

Increases QT interval
Cholestatsic hepatitis

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4
Q

What adverse effects could tetracyclines have (doxycycline)

A

No under 12 = teeth stain

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5
Q

What adverse effects chloramphenicol have

A

Grey-baby syndrome

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6
Q

What adverse effects could glycopeptides (vancomycin) have

A

Oto/renal toxicity + neutropenia

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7
Q

What adverse effects could quinolones have (ciprofloxacin)

A

Decreases seizure threshold
Tendonitis
Increases QT interval
G6PD deficiency

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8
Q

What adverse effects could metronidazole have

A

Metallic taste
Causes lots of vomiting if taken with alcohol

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9
Q

What adverse effects could colisitin have

A

May cause myasthenia gravis

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10
Q

What adverse effects could rifampicin have

A

Orange secretions e,g urine

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11
Q

What adverse effects could ethambutol have

A

Optic neuritis

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12
Q

What adverse effects could isoniazid have

A

Peripheral neuropathy and hepatitis

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13
Q

What adverse effects could pyrazinamide have

A

Gout and hepatitis

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14
Q

What adverse effects could SSRIs have

A

Takes at least 2 weeks to work
Hyponatraemia
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Sexual dysfunction

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15
Q

What adverse effects could tricyclic antidepressants have

A

Anticholinergic side effects

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16
Q

How to treat a tricyclic antidepressant OD

A

Bicarbonate

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17
Q

What adverse effects could monoamine oxidase inhibitors have (selegilline,phenelzine)

A

Interaction with tryamine foods
Causes a hypertensive crisis

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18
Q

What adverse effects could atypical antidepressants have (mirtazipine)

A

Increases appetite weight gain
Sedative
Can be useful in depressed pt with insomnia or low weight

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19
Q

What adverse effects could typical antipsychotics have (haloperidol)

A

Hyperprolcatinaemia
Extrapyramidal side effects

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20
Q

What adverse effects could atypical antipsychotics have (clozapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, risperidone, quetiapine)

A

Clozapine - agranulocytosis
Prolonged qt
Hyperprolactinaemia - not aripiprazole
Metabolic (weight gain, diabetes)

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21
Q

Features of metformin

A

Weight loss
No hypos
Lactic acidosis
Not for eGFR below 30

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22
Q

Features of pioglitazone

A

No hypos
CI heart failure and liver failure
Causes weight gain

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23
Q

Features of gliclazide

A

Hypos
Weight gain
Alcohol disulfiram-like reaction
CI ; BB, obesity, cardio problems

24
Q

Features of glp-1 receptor agonists

A

No hypos
Weight loss
Pancreatitis
CI; pancreatitis & MEN 2

25
Q

Features of DDP-4 inhibitors

A

GI upset and pancreatitis
CI; liver and renal failure

26
Q

Features of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

Weight loss, decreases BP and cardiovasc mortality
CI CKD and recurrent UTIs

27
Q

Features of loop diuretics

A

Decreases serum Na, K, Ca and Mg
Postural hypotension and tinnitus
CI: nephrotoxic drugs

28
Q

Features of thiazide diuretic

A

Decreases Na, K
Increases Ca, urate and glucose
Postural hypotension
CI; gout

29
Q

Features of potassium sparing diuretic

A

Increases K
Gynaecomastia
CI: Addison’s disease

30
Q

Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in children and young adults

A

Risk of oculogyric crisis

31
Q

MOA of LMWH

A

Activates antithrombin III which forms a complex that inhibits factor Xa

32
Q

Which antibiotic has an increased risk of theophylline toxicity and describe this toxicity presentation

A

Ciprofloxacin

Features of theophylline toxicity
Acidosis
Hypokalaemia
Vomiting
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Seizures

33
Q

Moa of hydroxycarbamide

A

Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase

34
Q

What chemotherapy agent is associated with peripheral neuropathy

A

Vincristine

35
Q

What does angiotensin II do

A

Vasoconstriction of EFFERENT glomerular arteriole to preserve GFR

36
Q

MOA of renin

A

Hydrolyse angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I

37
Q

How is a heparin overdose reversed

A

Protamine sulphate

38
Q

If patients who are on long term corticosteroids and they are suddenly withdrawn what does that mean

A

They are at risk of addisonian crisis as long term systemic corticosteroid therapy can lead them to develop adrenal insufficiency

Addisonian crisis is characterised by vomiting, hypotension, hyperkalaemia and Hyponatraemia

39
Q

moa of aminoglycosides - gentamicin

A

bactericidal
inhibits protein synthesis
broad spectrum
excreted by kidney

40
Q

uses of gentamicin

A

bacterial eye infections
otitis externa
moderate/severe diabetic foot infection

41
Q

contraindications of gentamicin

A

renal impairment
pregnancy

42
Q

moa carbapenems

A

bactericidal
disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis
broad spectrum gram-negative
narrow spectrum gram-positive
excreted by kidney

43
Q

uses of meropenem

A

treatment of serious bacterial infections as a ‘last line’
sepsis
meningitis
exacerbations of chronic lower resp tract infection in CF

44
Q

side effects of meropenem

A

diarrhoea,nausea,vomiting
epileptic pts treated with valproic acid increased risk of seizures with this ABX

45
Q

contraindications of meroprenem

A

pts with known hypersensitivity to penicillin and other beta-lactams
reduce dose in pts with renal impairment

46
Q

moa cephalasporins

A

bacteridcial
disrupts bacterial wall synthesis
broad spectrum
beta lactam abx
excreted by kidney

47
Q

name cephalasporins

A

cefalexin
ceftriaxone

48
Q

uses of cefalexin

A

pyelonephritis

49
Q

side effects cefalexin

A

diarrhoea nausea

50
Q

contraindications of cefalexin and ceftriaxone

A

pts with known hypersensitivity to penicillin and other beta-lactams
reduce dose in pts with renal impairment

51
Q

uses of ceftriaxone

A

gonorrhoea
PID

52
Q

side effects of ceftriaxone

A

diarrhoea
eosinophilia

53
Q

moa penicillins

A

bactericidal
disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis
broad spectrum gram-negative
narrow spectrum gram-positive
excreted by kidney
beta lactam abx

54
Q

name penicillins

A

benzylpenicillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav
flucloaxcillin

55
Q

CIs of trimethoprim

A

pregnancy
history of megaloblastic anaemia due to folate deficiency

56
Q

what is tacrolimus used for and its main side effect

A

calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant to prevent transplant rejection

can cause hyperglycaemia

Clinical Medicine (26 decks)

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