pharmacology

Question 1

side effects for digitalis

Answer 1

arrhythmias
palpations
fatigue
GI disturbances
visual disturbances
hyperkalemia
confusion
delirum

digoxin toxicity

Question 2

examples of digitals

Answer 2

Digitoxin
Lanoxin

Question 3

mechanism of digitalis medication

Answer 3

slows down HR but increases the strength of contraction
quanitity < quality
increases cardiac output

use for systolic dysfunction (EF<40%) in pts with CHF

fewer and better contractions/beats

Question 4

antiarrhythmic drugs + antihypertensive drugs

Answer 4

beta blockers
ca channel blockers

Question 5

only antihypertensive drugs

Answer 5

diuertics
ACE inhibitors
ARB blockers

Question 6

beta blocker effects

Answer 6

decrease HR
decrease BP
bronchoconstriction

help with preload and reduce afterload

Question 7

beta blocker side effects

Answer 7

othostatic hypotension
dizziness
lightheadesness
rining in the ears
venous pooling
bradycardia

Question 8

who do you not use beta blockers with

Answer 8

asthma and COPD due to bronchoconstriction

Question 9

ca channel blocker examples

Answer 9

“pines and zems”

amlodipine
verapamil
diltiazem

common: Norvasc and Nefidipne - Procardia XL

Question 10

mechanism ca channel blockers

Answer 10

decrease HR
decrease BP

Question 10

adverse effects of ca channel blockers

Answer 10

orthostatic hypotenion
dizziness
lightheadedness
ringing in ears
venous pooling

Question 11

explain loop diuretics mechanism

Answer 11

preload and afterload decrease so its good for both L and R CHF patients

inhibits reabsoption of water and electrolytes from the loop of henle

Question 12

side effects of looped diuretics

Answer 12

hypokalemia
hypocalemia
hypoatremia
dehydration
orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
dizziness
lethargy
dizziness

everything is lost

reflex tachycardia: dueto the decrease in BP, the heart is trying to compensate and therefore increases HR due to a reflex

Question 13

explain potassium sparing dieretics

Answer 13

ex: sprionolactone and aldoctone

keeps potassium in

side effects:
hyperkalemia
gynescomastia (breast tissue in males)
hypocalemia
hypoatremia
dehydration
orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
dizziness
lethargy
dizziness

same effects as diuretics but whats different is hyperkalemia and gynescomastia

Question 14

explain thiazides

Answer 14

“CLUG”
hyperCALCEMIA
hyperLIPEDEMA
hyperURECEMIA
hyperGLYCEMIA

should be avoided with elderly, DM and renal dysfn=unction

Question 15

what do ACE inhibitors do

Answer 15

reduced BP by blocking ACE enzyme

Question 16

side effects of ACE inhibitors

Answer 16

orthostatic hypotension
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
DRY HACKING COUGH
decreased taste perception
angioedema
dehydration

should not be comined with looped diuretics due to hyperkalemia side effects

Question 17

examples of ARB blockers

Answer 17

“sartans”

losartan
telmisarten
candesartan

Question 18

when would a patient be prescribed ARB blockers

Answer 18

when they are intolerant to ACE inhibitors (may have a dry hacking cough)

only given orally

Question 20

side effects of ARB blockers

Answer 20

hypotension
dizziness
lightheadedness
fatigue
HYPERKALEMIA

Question 21

Examples of ACE inhibitors

Answer 21

“prils”

captopril
enalapril
lisinopril

Question 22

how do nitrate work

Answer 22

vasodilation of aterial and venous vessels

used for angina pectoris - stable or variant

given sublingually, 3 doses every 5 minutes

it significantly drops BP therefore they need to be sitting or lying down before taking a dose

side effects:
dizziness
lightheadedness
orthostatic hypotension
HA
flushing
reflex tachycardia
venous pooling

does not work for unstable angina. call 911

Question 23

what do nitrates do with preload and afterload

Answer 23

it decreases

Question 24

examples of blood thinners

Answer 24

warfarin coumadin heparin

Question 25

examples of blood thinner categories

Answer 25

anticoagulants antiplatelets

Question 26

side effects for anticoagulants

Answer 26

bleeding easy bruising hemorrahge hemarthrosis light headedness

Question 27

INR values

Answer 27

health: 0.9-1.1 seconds if someone is on anticoagulants: 2-3 seconds

Question 28

examples of antiplatelets

Answer 28

aspirin clopidogrel

Question 29

side effects antiplatelets

Answer 29

peptic ulcers gastritis risk of internal bleeding

Question 30

why would someone be on antiplatelets

Answer 30

prevent stroke and MI

Question 31

what do NSAIDs do

Answer 31

anti inflammatroy antipyretic analgesic

Question 32

side effects of NSAIDS

Answer 32

gastric ulcers bleeding n/v

Question 33

explain acetaminophen

Answer 33

ex: tylenol block the sensation of pain, HA NOT ANTI INFLAMMATORY ## Footnote no acute side effects. only liver damage

Question 34

opioid pain relievers

Answer 34

methadone, fentanyl, hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine side effects: respiratory and CNS depression, bradycardia, constipation, slowed breathing, dizziness, drowsiness, slowness, addiction, tolerance ## Footnote take medication 30 min prior to PT

Question 35

types of benzodiazepines

Answer 35

diazepam (valium) clonazepam (klonopin) alprazolam (xanax)

Question 36

what type of medication is prescribed for reduction mm spasms/myofascial pain sydnrome

Answer 36

cyclobenzaprine (flexeril)

Question 37

use of baclofen

Answer 37

works CNS to reduce mm spasticity seeen with spinal cords lesion - MS, SCI, vs cerebrals lesions

Question 38

side effects of baclofen

Answer 38

hypotonia confusion hallucination nausea dizziness increased risk of falls drowsiness shallow breathing

Question 39

how does botox works

Answer 39

blocks acetylocholine mm spasticity seen with CP

Question 40

side effects of corticosteroids

Answer 40

osteoporosis cushing syndrome (adrenal gland) delyed wound healing

Question 41

side effects of bronchodilator drugs

Answer 41

tremors palpatation (inc HR) GI disturbances dry mouth

Question 42

which of the following drugs would not be used to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients - thiazide diuretics - ACE inhibitos - Ca channel blockers - digitalis

Answer 42

- digitalis

Question 43

differences between beta blockers and ca channel blockers

Answer 43

bb: cause bradycardia and works as a bronchoconstrictor. not safe to give to COPD/asthma patients ca channel blockers: safe to give to COPD/asthma due to them not acting as a bronchoconstrictor