PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards by Kate Shanley Advincula

It is the study of drug actions and drug interactions with living organisms.

Pharmacology

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drug or poison

Pharmakon

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logos

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Medications that require a prescription drug. These all have a written legend (or caption) stating,

Legend drugs

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Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription.

CAUTION

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A valid prescription or order for a drug includes at least the following seven components:

Patient name, room number address, and identification numbers
Drug name (generic or brand)
Dosage (in proper units of measure for particular drug)
Dosage form (e.g., tablet, injection, solution)
Route of administration (eg, oral, parenteral, rectal)
Date order is written
Prescribers signature

THE LEGAL PRESCRIPION

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Medications that have a high potential for abuse are generally placed into one of five controlled substance schedules. Drugs of this nature include the:

NARCOTIC PAIN RELIVERS
SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
STIMULANT MEDICATIONS

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

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NARCOTIC PAIN RELIEVERS

Morphin
Methadone
Hydrocodone
Propoxyphene
Pentazocine
Hydromorphone
Meperidine
Pentazocine
Codeine

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SEDATIVE-HYPNOTIC AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGs

Diazepam
Lorazepam
Mindazolen
Midazolam
Temazepama
Triazolam
Flurazepam
Oxazepam
Chlordiazepoxide

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STIMULANT MEDICATIONS

Cocaine
Amphetamine

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have a stamp placed on the outside of the container to show the drug’s assigned schedule.

schedules used:
C-1
C-II
C-III
C-IV
C-V

controlled substances

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Drugs are illegal for patient use. To acquire these drugs, an institution must be registered with the federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as either a researcher of narcotic and dangerous drugs. manufacturer or a
researcher of narcotic and dangerous drugs

schedules used:
C-II
C-III
C-IV
C-V

C-I

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Drugs are legal for prescription use in patients and have the highest potential for abuse. Generally, these drugs cause marked euphoria with mind-altering effects.

schedules used:
C-I
C-111
C-IV
C-V

C-II

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Drugs are also legal for prescription use. Although these medications have high potential for abuse, they are addictive than the C-1 and C-II drugs. less

schedules used:

C-I
C-II

C-III. C-IV. C-V

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On taking accurate medication histories, practitioners should ask about at least the following herbal products, since they have documented pharmacologic effects associated with them

HERBAL PRODUCTS

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Chemical substances that are not required for normal maintenance of body function

can be poisonous if they are misused

They are meant to relieve human diseases and suffering

Drugs

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3 CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCE APPLIED OR ADMINISTERED FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES:

Drugs or medication
biologic
alternative therapies

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Chemical agents capable of producing biologic response in the body.

DRUGS OR MEDICATION

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Agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms or the body itself such as hormones, natural blood products, vaccines.

BIOLOGIC

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Include natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements and therapeutic techniques that may be considered unconventional such as acupuncture

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

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THE PROFESSIONAL RADIOGRAPHER WHO ADMINISTERS DRUGS IS EXPECTED TO KNOW:

The safe dosage
The safe route of administration
Limitations of the drug he administers
The side effects
The potential adverse and toxic reactions
The indications and contraindications for its use
He must also know the potential hazards of any drug that is incorrectly or unsafely administered

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A LIST OF DRUGS THAT MUST BEAR THE LEGEND “CAUTION: FEDERAL LAW PROHIBITS DISPENSING WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION” THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Drugs that must be administered parenterally
Drugs that are hypnotic or narcotic
Drugs that may cause dependence
Drugs that contain derivatives of habit-forming substances
Drugs that may be toxic if not administered under the supervision of a physician, dentist, or nurse practitioner
Drugs that are new and limited to investigational use and are not safe if indiscriminately used

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Drugs that are considered safe for self-administration

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over-the-counter drugs

Not regulated by FDA and are classifi• Dietary supplements Health and Education Act (enacted in 1994)

• Forbids these substances from making claims that discuss disease or cure of an ailmented as food.

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ALTERNATIVE DIETARY AND HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS:

Overwhelming feeling of physical need for a particular drug that must be met at all costs.

ADDICTION

Physical or psychological need for a particular drug.

DEPENDENCE

A drug has many names given to it before it becomes available for use. These names include: Chemical name Code number Generic name Trade or Proprietary name

DRUGS NOMENCLATURE

Presents its exact chemical formula of a drug and always remains the same

CHEMICAL NAME

Name given to the drug before its official approval for use. Less complicated and easier remember than the chemical name

GENERIC NAME

• Proprietary name • Assigned to a drug by a particular manufacturer of the drug.

TRADE NAME

DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS:

To relieve undesired symptoms To prevent disease To cure disease To diagnose disease or pathological conditions

As this process takes place, the drug reaches a point at which it has its intended effect. Drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and then excreted from the body.

ONSET OF ACTION

As it continues to be absorbed, the drug reaches its peak concentration level.

PEAK CONCENTRATION LEVEL

Drug is able to produce its most desired curative The time during which the drug attains its maximum therapeutic response

REMEDIAL EFFECT

As the drug is excreted from the body, the concentration level subsides to a point at which there is little or no intended effect. Time during which the drug is in the body in an amount large enough to be therapeutic

DURATION OF ACTION

All drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed. Drugs that are administered in solid or tablet form must go through a phase called the pharmaceutic phase before they can be absorbed.

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

Enteric-coated tablets do not go through the pharmaceutic phase of absorption until they reach the small intestine where they are dissolved in an alkaline media. Drugs that are administered orally in liquid form or drugs that are administered parenterally do not go through this phase.

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

As agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION 1906

Controls whether prescription and OTC drugs may be used for therapy.

CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (CDER)

Regulates serums, vaccines and blood products.

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (CBER)

Prevents marketing of drugs tested. not thoroughly

FOOD DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT 1938

Regulates safety of biologics.

CHILDHOOD VACCINE ACT 1986

Increases research and assists person dependent on drugs with rehabilitation.

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT 1971

Requires non generic drug and biologic manufacturer to pay fees to be used for improvements in drug review.

PRESCRIPTION DRUG USER FEE ACT 1992

Requires labeling of dietary supplement and allows FDA to remove those that are a risk to the public

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH & EDUCATION ACT 1994

Reauthorizes the Prescription Drug User Fee Act and reforms the drug review process

FDA MODERNIZATION ACT 1997

The study of the movement of drugs within biologic systems includes ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISATION AND EXTRACTION.

PHARMACOKINETICS

Drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed Drugs advance from dosage form into a form that makes it biologically available for passage into systemic circulation

ABSORPTION

solid or tablet form drug's phase before absorption

Pharmaceutic Phase

Determinants deciding whether drug will cross cell membrane: Lipid and water solubility.

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

Cell engulf drug particle and form protective coat around and transport across cell membrane.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT ✓Pinocytosis

Orally taken drugs may be metabolized or become inactive. Large doses must be taken to attain intended effect.

FIRST-PASS EFFECT

RATE OF DISTRIBUTION DEPENDS ON:

Adequate blood circulation Protein binding Drugs Affinity

Process of alteration of structure of drugs or foreign substances

METABOLISM

FACTORS THAT ALTERS METABOLISM RATES:

Age Health Status Time of day Emotional Status Presence of other drugs in the body Genetic variation Disease state

Kidneys are where the excretion commonly takes place. Other site may be Biliary Tract, Feces, Enterohepatic Cycle later into the Kidney, Lungs, Sweat and Saliva, Mammary Glands.

EXCRETION

PROCESS OF DRUGS WITHIN THE BODY DEPENDS ON:

Age Nutritional Status Ethnicity Existing Physical Condition Immune Status State of Mind Gender Weight Environment Factor Time of day

PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

(57 cards)