UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

Question 1

Invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their proliferation there

Answer 1

INFECTION

Question 2

• Infection acquired by the patient in the hospital or manifested after discharge

• URINARY TRACT is the most frequent site

Answer 2

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

Question 3

Infectious transmitted agent can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact, through vector or vehicle, or as a an airborne infection

Answer 3

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Question 4

is a microorganism that causes disease

• Ability to produce disease

Answer 4

PATHOGENESIS/pathogen

Question 5

• Most common infection causing microorganisms

• Can cause disease in human and can live and be transported through air, water, food, soil, body tissues and fluids

Answer 5

BACTERIA

Question 6

• Consist primarily of nucleic acid

Common viruses families include Rhinovirus, Herpes, Hepatitis & virus,
human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 6

VIRUSES

Question 7

Includes yeasts & molds

Answer 7

FUNGI

Question 8

• Live on other living organisms

• Include protozoa such as the one that causes malaria, helminthes (worms) and arthropods (mites, fleas, ticks)

Answer 8

PARASITES

Question 9

Infectious Pathogens

Answer 9

bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites

Question 10

PROCESS OF Infection

Answer 10

Incubation period (1st stage)
prodromal phase (2nd stage)
active phase (3rd stage)
convalescence (4th stage)

Question 11

• The time between the entry of the microorganisms into the body and the onset of the symptoms

• Organism adapts to the person and multiplies sufficiently to produce an infection

Answer 11

INCUBATION PERIOD (Ist stage)

Question 12

• Infected persons are infectious and most likely to spread the infecting organisms

• Early signs and symptoms are fatigue, body malaise, fever, etc.

Answer 12

PRODROMAL PHASE (2nd stage)

Question 13

Full stage / illness period

• All the characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease are at their peak

Answer 13

ACTIVE PHASE (3nd stage)

Question 14

Symptoms begin to diminish and eventually disappear

Answer 14

CONVALESCENCE (4th stage)

Question 15

An organism that harbors or nourishes another organism

It is an animal or plant wherein a parasite live

Answer 15

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

Question 16

TYPES OF HOST

Answer 16

Accidental host
definite host
intermediate host
paratenic host
primary host
reservoir host

Question 17

Accidentally harbors an organism that is not ordinarily parasitic in that particular species.

Answer 17

ACCIDENTAL HOST

Question 18

The parasite lives in a host until its adult and sexual existence or until capable of sexual reproduction

Answer 18

DEFINITIVE HOST

Question 19

The organism in which parasite passes its larval or non-sexual existence

Answer 19

INTERMEDIATE HOST

Question 20

• An animal acting as a substitute intermediate host of a parasite.

• Acquiring the said parasite is by ingestion of the original host.

Answer 20

PARATENIC HOST

Question 21

The host that a parasite or organism requires to become any other sexually mature to reproduce and spread infection.

Answer 21

PRIMARY HOST

Question 22

Populations, species or ecological communities that drive disease dynamics.

Answer 22

RESERVOIR HOST

Question 23

Microorganisms are transmitted by a number of routes and the same organisms can be transmitted by more than one route

Answer 23

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES

Question 24

4 MAIN ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION

Answer 24

1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
2. VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
3. AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
4. VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

Question 25

TYPES OF CONTACT TRANSMISSION

Answer 25

Direct transmission indirect transmission droplet contact transmission vehicle transmission airborne transmission vector borne transmission

Question 26

Direct physical transfer an infected or colonized person and susceptible host

Answer 26

DIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION

Question 27

Has a strain of bacteria that have become a part of the person's normal flora or bacteria

Answer 27

COLONIZED OR INFECTED PERSON

Question 28

A person lacking immunity or resistance, and thus increasing the risk of infection

Answer 28

SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON

Question 29

A susceptible host comes in contact with a contaminated object

Answer 29

INDIRECT CONTACT TRANSMISSION

Question 30

• Droplets are usually sprayed no further than 90cm (3 feet) One is in close contact if one is within 90cm of another person

Answer 30

DROPLET CONTACT TRANSMISSION

Question 31

• Serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host e.g. handkerchief, toys, soiled clothing, utensils and surgical instruments

Answer 31

VEHICLE TRANSMISSION

Question 32

Occurs by dissemination of droplet nuclei or dust particles that contain microorganisms and remain in the air

Answer 32

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

Question 33

An animal, flying or crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent

Answer 33

VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

Question 34

PREVENTING DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Answer 34

• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment • Change gloves between patients • Sanitize hands after removing gloves •Dispose of biohazardous material in designated containers • Properly Containers dispose of sharps in puncture-resistant •Do not recap needles • Maintain personal immunizations

Question 35

Body Substance precautions

Answer 35

gowns mask, googles, face shield sharp hazards respirators

Question 36

Protect your clothing and skin from contamination by a patient's body substances

Answer 36

GOWNS

Question 37

Used to protect the membranes of the mucous mouth, nose, and eyes from splashing of blood or body substances

Answer 37

MASKS, GOGGLES, & FACE SHIELDS

Question 38

Most blood borne pathogen exposures are caused by accidental puncture with contaminated needle or lancet a Strict adherence to all safety precautions is essential

Answer 38

SHARPS HAZARDS

Question 39

May be required when collecting blood from patients who have airborne diseases, such as tuberculosis

Answer 39

RESPIRATORS

Question 40

Freedom from disease-causing microorganisms To decrease the possibility of transferring microorganisms from one place to another, asepsis is used

Answer 40

ASEPSIS

Question 41

Basic Types of asepsis

Answer 41

medical asepsis surgical/sterile technique

Question 42

• "Clean" • Includes all the practices intended to limiting number, growth and transmission of microorganisms

Answer 42

MEDICAL ASEPSIS

Question 43

• Free of all microorganisms • Practices that destroy all microorganisms and spores

Answer 43

SURGICAL ASEPSIS /STERILE TECHNIQUE

Question 44

PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM

Answer 44

• Before administration of contrast medium, it is the obligation of the radiographer to obtain a detailed assessment of the patient's medical history that might portend an allergic reaction. • Prevention of serious adverse effects is the goal of this assessment.

Question 45

PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM

Answer 45

• The radiographer must also be prepared to initiate correct medical treatment when a reaction occurs. • This includes adequate patient preparation for any procedure and ensuring that all equipment and personnel are available to treat any reaction.

Question 46

PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM

Answer 46

The patient's emotional status should be noted on the form and signed by the radiographer. • During any reaction of contrast medium, the patient should be monitored for abnormal responses or reactions. • The emergency cart, equipment and medical response personnel must be immediately available.

Question 47

Most imaging departments have a standard form that includes the following:

Answer 47

1. Patient's age 2. History of impaired hepatic function (liver disease) 3. History of impaired renal function (kidney disease) 4. History of allergic or anaphylactic reactions 5. History of Thyroid disease 6. Last menstrual period and possible pregnancy 7. History of previous reactions medications contrast agents or 8. Last menstrual period and possible pregnancy 9. Nursing Mother 10. Sensitivity to Aspirin 11. History of Diabetes Mellitus 12. History of Sickle Cell Disease 13. History of hypertension 14. History of seizure. 15. Allergy to seafoods