ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Question 1

ORAL ROUTE

disadvantages

Answer 1

1. They may have an objectionable odor or taste or may be bulky to swallow
2. They may harm or discolor the teeth
3. They may irritate the gastric mucosa, causing nausea and vomiting
4. They may be aspirated by a seriously ill or uncooperative individual
5. They may be destroyed by digestive enzymes
6. They may be inappropriate for some patients, such as those who must be given nothing by mouth.

Question 2

Performed by placing the drug under the tongue for dissolution and absorption.

Answer 2

sublingual

Question 3

A tablet is held in the mouth in the pocket between gums and cheek for local dissolution and absorption.

Answer 3

buccal

Question 4

• Involves the application of a drug directly onto the skin or mucous membrane.

• The drug is diffused through the skin or membrane and absorbed into the bloodstream

• Topical medications may be applied in the form of a lotion, tincture, ointment or cream, foam, spray, gel, wet dressing, tampon, bath, or soak.

Answer 4

TOPICAL ROUTE

Question 5

Medications are applied for the following effects:

Answer 5

ASTRINGENT
ANTISEPTIC OR BACTERIA
EMOLLIENT
CLEANSING
ANESTHETIC
ANTIHISTAMINE

Question 6

resulting vasoconstriction, tissue contraction and decreased secretions and sensitivity, thereby counteracting inflammatory effects.

Answer 6

ASTRINGENT

Question 7

to inhibit growth and development of
microorganisms
(e.g., Betadine, Bactroban)

Answer 7

ANTISEPTIC OR BACTERIA

Question 8

for a soothing and softening effect to overcome dryness and hardness (e.g., lanolin)

Answer 8

EMOLLIENT

Question 9

for the removal of dirt, debris, secretions, or crusts (e.g, Hibiclens).

Answer 9

CLEANSING

Question 10

to remove the sensation of pain (e.g., benzocaine)

Answer 10

ANESTHETIC

Question 11

for manifestations caused by allergic reactions (e.g., Benadryl cream)

Answer 11

ANTIHISTAMINE

Question 12

• Convenient and safe method of giving drugs when the oral method is unsuitable, as when the patient is a small child or is unconscious.

• Avoids irritation of the upper GI tract and may promote higher bloodstream drug titers because venous blood from the lower part of the rectum does not traverse the liver.

Answer 12

RECTAL ROUTE

Question 13

RECTAL ROUTE

disadvantages

Answer 13

1. Unpredictable retention of drugs
2. Possibility of fluid passing above the lower rectum to be absorbed into the portal circulation where metabolism can be extensive.

Question 14

Administered by injection.

Answer 14

PARENTERAL ROUTE

Question 15

4 most common methods Of parenteral routes

Answer 15

• INTRADERMAL
• SUBCUTANEOUS
• INTRAMUSCULAR
• INTRAVENOUS

Question 16

• The injection is made into the upper layers of the skin almost parallel to the skin surface

• Used mostly in testing for allergic reactions and for giving small amounts of a local anesthetic.

• Best made with a fine, short needle (26 or 27 gauge) and a small-barrel syringe or, such as tuberculin syringe.

Answer 16

intradermal method

Question 17

Beneath the layers of skin, yet above the muscle

25gauge (or thinner) needle and syringe

The needle is inserted through the skin with a quick

movement, but the injection is made slowly and
steadily

45 to 60 degrees angle (but can vary between 30
and 90 degrees), depending on needle length and
depth of fat pads

Answer 17

subcutaneous method

Question 18

Larger doses can be given by IM injection (up to 5
ml) than by SC injection.

Needles from 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length are
common.

Usual gauge is 21 to 23

Gluteal muscles are preferred because of fewer
nerve endings and less discomfort.

Answer 18

intramuscular method

Question 19

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

The proper site for this injection is outlined by an imaginary diagonal line drawn from the area of the greater trochanter of the femur to the posterior iliac spine

Answer 19

1. DORSOGLUTEAL SITE

Question 20

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

• Used for IM injections in either children or adults and could be used more often.

• The injection should be made into the center of the V formed between the index and middle fingers

Answer 20

2. VENTROGLUTEAL SITE

Question 21

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

• Muscular area in the arm formed by the rectangle bounded on the top by the edge of the shoulder and on the bottom beginning of the axilla

• Has a higher blood flow than the other IM injection sites

Answer 21

3. MID-DELTOID

Question 22

INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION SITES

• Muscular area in the upper outer leg

• Can accommodate volumes medication the same size as of the gluteus medius and is distant from any major blood vessels or nerves.

• More painful than in the buttocks

Answer 22

4. VASTUS LATERALIS

Question 23

• Direct injection into a vein.

• Most emergency drugs, sterile saline and dextrose solutions, chemotherapy drugs, and radiopaque contrast media are introduced through the IV route.

Answer 23

intravenous method

Question 24

INTRAVENOUS INJECTION SITES

Answer 24

1. Basilic or cephalic veins on the back of the hand
2. Basilic vein on the medial, anterior forearm and elbow
3. Cephalic vein on the lateral, anterior forearm and elbow

Question 25

INTRAVENOUS EQUIPMENT • Most Common IV needle used by imaging technologists for the introduction of contrast. • These needles vary from 1/4 to 11/4 inches in length and 18 to 27 gauge in diameter.

Answer 25

WINGED-TIP OR BUTTERFLY SET

Question 26

• Medical imaging technologists may often come in contact with patients who have endotracheal tubes, central arterial lines. venous lines, or pulmonary • A general understanding of the actual placement of these devices and their use is important.

Answer 26

CHEST TUBES & LINES

Question 27

• Used primarily to assist the patient through a number of respiratory problems. • The inhaled air must be adequately humidified because the normal humidifying function of the upper respiratory tract is bypassed.

Answer 27

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES (INTUBATION)

Question 28

• Also known as central venous catheters and venous access devices • Inserted into a large vein to administer drugs, manage fluid volume, transfuse and analyze blood, and monitor pressures within the heart

Answer 28

CENTRAL VENOUS LINES

Question 29

CENTRAL VENOUS LINES INTRAVENOUS EQUIPMENT??

Answer 29

1. SUBCLAVIAN VEIN 2. INTERNAL JUGULAR 3. FEMORAL VEINS

Question 30

• "Swan-Ganz catheters" • Specialized CV lines that incorporate a small electrode at the distal end used to monitor pulmonary arterial pressures • Estimate pressure left ventricular end-diastolic

Answer 30

PULMONARY ARTERIAL LINES

Question 31

• Care must be exercised when handling patients with CV lines. • Assessing the patient before performing imaging procedures is essential to avert the possibility of line displacement.

Answer 31

COMPLICATIONS & PATIENT CARE

Question 32

Following disorders will assist the imaging technologist in performing safe and accurate scanning:

Answer 32

Age Nutritional Status Ethnicity Existing Physical Condition Immune Status State of Mind Gender Weight Environment Factor Time of day