PHARMODYNAMICS

Question 1

PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS ARE AFFECTED BY THE

Answer 1

Altered Blood Pressure
Altered Heart Rate
Altered Urinary Output
Altered Function of CNS and PNS
Changes in all other body system

Question 2

Macromolecular component of the body tissue that receives the maximum effect of a drug

Answer 2

DRUG RECEPTOR

Question 3

determines drug concentration to accomplish intended attraction between drug and receptor

Answer 3

AFFINITY

Question 4

concentration of drug to accomplish its intended effect.

Answer 4

EFFICACY OF DRUGS

Question 5

bind to receptor and produces therapeutic effect.

Answer 5

AGONIST

Question 6

partial binding at a receptor and produce partial therapeutic effect.

Answer 6

PARTIAL AGONIST

Question 7

joins receptor and prevents agonist from performing intended effects

Answer 7

ANTAGONIST

Question 8

dosages of which intended effect is obtained and the amount that produces unwanted effect.

Answer 8

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

Question 9

DRUG COMBINATION OR COMBINING TWO DRUGS MAY CAUSE:

Answer 9

✔ To become inactive
✔ To form a toxic compound
✔ To increase the effect of each drug given alone

(additive reaction)

To equal an effect greater than sum of their.
separated dose (Synergistic Reaction)
To either neutralize or decrease intended effect

Question 10

common, unintended, and non-toxic reactions

Answer 10

SIDE EFFECT

Question 11

more severe and life threatening reactions

Answer 11

ADVERSE

Question 12

unwanted effect that is extension of therapeutic effect

Answer 12

TOXIC REACTIONS

Question 13

unexpected or exacerbated effect

Answer 13

DRUG IDIOSYNCRASY

Question 14

sign of drug dependence.

Answer 14

DRUG TOLERANCE

Question 15

rapid development of tolerance to a drug

Answer 15

TACHYPHYLAXIS

Question 16

results from an immune-mediated response by the body against the drug

Answer 16

ALLERGIC REACTION

Question 17

The process required for a drug to reach the site of action is best described using

Answer 17

biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic principles

Question 18

Think of it this way vacation, you Biopharmaceutics have and in order to enjoy your to get there pharmacokinetics first. are analogous to what you pack, which car you take (sports car or minivan), the gas you buy on the way, and the road you take to get there.

Answer 18

ANALOGY

Question 19

It is the area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration. Drugs are placed into vehicles by the manufacturing process

Answer 19

BIOPHARMACEUTICS

Question 20

It is a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial delivery into the body.

Answer 20

DRUG VEHICLE

Question 21

Solid, liquid, gas, or any combination of these is the combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver the drug.

Solid dosage forms used for oral administration include tablets, capsules, and troches

Answer 21

DOSAGE FORM

Question 22

generally consists of an active ingredient (drug), various fillers and disintegrator a dyes, flavoring agents, and an outside coating

Answer 22

tablet

Question 23

TYPES OF TABLET

Answer 23

COMPRESSED TABLETS
SUGAR-COATED TABLETS
FILM-COATED TABLETS
ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS
MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS
BUCCAL OR SUBLINGUAL TABLETS
EFFERVESCENT TABLETS

Question 24

Are compacted with no special coating, they are subject to chemical degradation from the environment

Answer 24

COMPRESSED TABLETS

Question 25

Have a thin layer of sugar coating designed to mask bad taste and to protect the active ingredients from chemical oxidation.

Answer 25

SUGAR-COATED TABLETS

Question 26

A pill or tablet with a thin, even layer of polymer applied to its surface, Film coating is the most common type of tablet coating

Answer 26

FILM COATED TABLETS

Question 27

Are designed to pass through the gastric area and release the active ingredients into the small intestine. This technology is used to prevent the strongly acidic contents of the stomach from chemically destroying the activity of the drug

Answer 27

ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS

Question 28

Designed to mask taste, protect contents against chemical oxidation and allow for periodic release of contents in a controlled manner throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) transit.

Answer 28

MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS

Question 29

Tablets contain sodium bicarbonate and an organic acid such as citrate or tartrate. These tablets liberate carbon dioxide and disintegrate into an effervescent solution and in the presence of water

Answer 29

EFFERVESCENT TABLETS

Question 30

Designed to disintegrate in the buccal or sublingual space and become absorbed through the buccal or sublingual vasculature.

Answer 30

BUCCAL OR SUBLINGUAL TABLETS

Question 31

They generally consist of either a hard or a soft gelatin shell that encloses the active ingredient

Answer 31

CAPSULES

Question 32

2 TYPES Of Capsules

Answer 32

Hard Gelatine Soft Gelatine

Question 33

a two-piece shell made from calcium alginate, methylcellulose, and gelatin

Answer 33

HARD GELATINE

Question 34

is a one-piece shell made from similar material.

Answer 34

SOFT GELATINE

Question 35

They are generally in the form of lozenges or pastilles. These are solids that contain medicine in a hard sugar or glycerinated gelatin base designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth.

Answer 35

TROCHES

Question 36

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Answer 36

solution emulsion suspension

Question 37

A homogenous mixture of solid, liquid, or gas dissolved in another liquid.

Answer 37

solution

Question 38

Consists of two immiscible liquids

Answer 38

emulsion

Question 39

A solid medication dispersed throughout a liquid medium.

Answer 39

suspension

Question 40

Given by injection under or through one or more layers of skin or mucous membrane

Answer 40

PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS

Question 41

Parenteral routes

Answer 41

Intramascular subcutaneous intravenous intradermal

Question 42

PARENTERAL ROUTES

Answer 42

Intrathecal Intracisternal Intra Arterial

Question 43

Typically used for oxygen therapy, anesthesia, and aerosol inhalers. Usually Contain a medication dispersed in liquified a gas propellant, such as a fluorinated hydrocarbon

Answer 43

GAS DOSAGE FORMS

Question 44

Medication is absorbed in either liquid or gaseous solution. Therefore, any solid or semisolid drug must first enter into one of these solution forms before becoming absorbed across a cellular membrane.

Answer 44

DISINTEGRATION & DISSOLUTION

Question 45

Absorption of Dosage form (Fastest)

Answer 45

Solutions suspension powder capsules tablets coated tablets

Question 46

Absorption of Dosage form (SLOWEST)

Answer 46

enteric coated tablets

Question 47

consists of the process of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated throughout the body.

Answer 47

PHARMACOKINETICS

Question 48

Prior to systemic action, a drug must either undergo the ___ process or be administered by direct Intravenous injection, thus bypassing the need for

Answer 48

ABSORPTION

Question 49

Once a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is immediately distributed throughout the body by the circulation of the blood. It is the transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action

Answer 49

DISTRIBUTION

Question 50

Also called biotransformation. Chemically changes a drug into a metabolite that can be excreted from the body. The liver is primarily responsible for this task, although the plasma, kidneys, lungs, and intestinal mucosa also play a role

Answer 50

METABOLISM

Question 51

This elimination is primarily accomplished by the kidneys. They filter the blood and remove unbound, water-soluble compounds. This is one reason why drug testing is often done on urine.

Answer 51

EXCRETION

Question 52

The study of how the effects of a drug are manifested The study of the method or mechanism of drug action on living sites in the body tissues or the response of tissues to chemical agents at various sites in the body.

Answer 52

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Question 53

refers to drugs

Answer 53

PHARMACO

Question 54

refers to what happens when two things meet and interact that is, the drugs and your body

Answer 54

DYNAMICS

Question 55

Drugs produce effects through drug-receptor interactions,drug-enzyme interactions, or nonspecific drug interactions. The method by which a drug elicits effects is known as the mechanism of action.

Answer 55

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Question 56

DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS are specific biologic sites located on a cell surface or within a cell. They can be considered keyholes into which specific keys (drugs) may fit.

Answer 56

(Receptors)

Question 57

Drugs have a specific ______ for their specific receptors. This means that there is an attraction between the drug and the receptor.

Answer 57

affinity (attraction)

Question 58

If there is a strong affinity at the receptor site, the concentration of the drug necessary to accomplish its effect is low. This is referred to as the _____ of the drug.

Answer 58

EFFICACY

Question 59

The organ on or in which the desired effect occurs.

Answer 59

TARGET ORGAN

Question 60

A drug or natural substance with an affinity for specific receptor sites that produces a physiologic response, usually predictable.

Answer 60

AGONIST

Question 61

Drugs with antagonist activity will block receptors for which they have affinity.

Answer 61

ANTAGONIST

Question 62

It is the degree to which a drug is able to produce the desired effect (how great the effect will be).

Answer 62

EFFICACY

Question 63

The relative concentration required to produce that effect (how much drug is needed)

Answer 63

POTENCY

Question 64

The time required for the current serum drug concentration to decline by 50% is termed the biologic

Answer 64

HALF-LIFE/half-life of elimination.

Question 65

A measure of the relative safety of a drug.

Answer 65

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

Question 66

It is a ratio between the following two mathematical factors:

Answer 66

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

Question 67

A drug is lethal to 50% of the population

Answer 67

LETHAL DOSE (LD50)

Question 68

Required to produce a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population

Answer 68

EFFECTIVE DOSE (LD50)