Pharmacology 2 (Complete) Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What hormone plays a large role in keeping bones strong in females?
A
Estrogen
2
Q
What drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?
A
Bisphosphonates
Calcium and Vitamin D
Estrogen
3
Q
How do bisphosphonates work or osteoporosis?
A
The inhibit bone re-absorption by osteoclasts.
The prevent bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency
4
Q
What are three common bisphosphonates?
A
Actonel - risedronate
Didronel - etidronate
Fosamax - alendronate
5
Q
What auxiliary label MUST be kept on corticosteroids?
A
Keep in the fridge, but DO NOT FREEZE
6
Q
What are the four diagnostic tests that can be done to check glucose levels?
A
Fasting blood glucose levels
Hemoglobin A1c
Oral glucose tolerance test
Random blood glucose test
7
Q
What should normal blood glucose levels be between?
A
4mmol/L and 7mmol/L
8
Q
What are the three types of diabetes?
A
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational diabetes
9
Q
Is there a cure for type 1 diabetes?
A
No
10
Q
What are the four main types of insulin?
A
Rapid acting
Short acting
Intermediate acting
Long acting
11
Q
What are some examples of rapid acting insulin?
A
Humalog and NovoRapid
12
Q
What is an example of short acting insulin?
A
Humilin R
13
Q
What is an example of intermediate acting insulin?
A
Humulin N, Novolin
14
Q
What is an example of long acting insulin?
A
Lantus, Levemir
15
Q
What are two examples of premixed versions of insulin?
A
Humulin 30/70
Humalog Mix 50/50
16
Q
What drug classifications are used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes?
A
Sulfonylureas Biguanide Thiazoldinediones DPP4 Incretin memetics
17
Q
What are some examples of sulfonylureas used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
A
Glyburide
Gliclazide
18
Q
What is a biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes
A
Metformin
19
Q
When does gestational diabetes occur?
A
During 3-8% of pregnancies
20
Q
How do blood glucose meters work?
A
Require a small blood sample to determine current blood sugar level - meters are usually free with the purchase of 100 test strips
21
Q
What is the lancet in a blood glucose meter?
A
The needles that are one time use, to poke the fingers to get the blood sample
22
Q
What do ketostix detect in urine?
A
Ketones
23
Q
What do Keto-Diastix detect in urine?
A
Ketones and glucose
24
Q
Antibiotics work in what four ways?
A
- Block protein formation
- Inhibit cell wall formation
- Interfere with DNA
- Prevent folic acid synthesis
25
What is a bactericidal agent?
It kills invading organisms immediately
26
What is a bacteriostatic agent?
It inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria
27
Describe sulfonamides
Bacteriostatic
Block a step in the pathway of folic acid
Inhibits DNA synthesis
28
What are the four main therapeutic uses for sulfonamides?
- UTI's
- Otitis Media
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Lower respiratory infections
29
What are some side effects of sulfonamides?
```
Nausea
Rash
Vomiting
Blood Compications
Photosensitivity
```
30
What can happen to a patient on sulfonamides if they do not drink enough water?
Kidney damage due to crystalization of drugs in the renal tubules
31
What auxiliary labels do on sulfonamides?
Drug should be taken with lots of water
Discolouration of urine
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
32
How do penicillin antibiotics work against bacteria?
They prevent bacteria from forming a rigid cell wall needed for survival
33
What kind of things are penicillin type antibiotics used to treat?
Abcesses
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Respiratory Infections
34
What is a major side effect of penicillin type antibiotics?
Diarrhea
35
What auxiliary label should be included on penicillin type antibiotics?
Take on empty stomach - food slows absorption of drug
36
What are cephalosporins used to treat?
```
Oral infections
Upper respiratory
Sinus infections
UTIs
Meningitis
```
37
What are three examples of first generation cephalosporins?
Duricef - cefadroxil
Ancef - cefazolin
Keflex - cehalexin
38
Describe the action of tetracyclines?
Broad spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synnthesis in bateria by binding to ribosomes
39
What are tetracyclines used to treat?
Acne
Chronic bronchitis
Lyme disease
40
What are some side effects of tetracyclines?
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Photosensitivity
Diarrhea
Tooth discolouration
```
41
In what populations should tetracyclines be avoided?
Pregnant women, nursing women, and young children because of tooth discolouration and effects on bone growth
42
What axuiliary labels should be included in tetracyclines?
Antacids should be seperated by several hours
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Avoid dairy
43
What antibiotic becomes fatally toxic if consumed after they expire?
Tetracyclines
44
How do macrolides work against bacteria?
They inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes
45
What are macrolides commonly used to treat?
Chlamydia
Influenza
Pneumonia
46
What are side effects of macrolides?
GI upset
Discoloured urine
After taste
47
What auxiliary labels should be included with macrolides?
Take with food
48
How do quinolones work against bacteria?
They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA
49
What are quinolones used to treat?
Bone and joint infections
Infectious diarrhea
STI's
UTIs
50
What are some side effects of quinolones?
```
Nausea and vomiting
Joint swelling
Dizziness
Photosensitivity
Crystalluria
```
51
What auxiliary labels should be included with quinolones?
Avoid sun exposure
Do not take with antacids
Take with plenty of water
52
What auxiliary labels should be included with clindamycin?
Do not lie down for 30 mins after taking
| Take with full glass of water
53
What auxiliary label MUST be included on metronidazole?
DO NOT drink alcohol
54
How do antifungals work?
They prevent the synthesis of ergosterol, a building block for fungal cell membranes
55
What are some common antifungals?
Diflucan - fluconazole
Sporanox - itraconazole
Lamisil - terbinafine
56
What is pulse dosing?
Treatment one week per month
57
When is pulse dosing usually used to treat?
Fungal infections
58
What are some side effects of diflucan?
Headache
GI upset
Rash
59
When should Sporanox be taken?
Twice a day with a fatty meal
60
What are some side effects of Sporanox?
Nausea, vomiting, jaundice
61
How does Zovirax work, and what is it used to treat?
Acts by interfering with DNA synthesis
| Treats shingles and chicken pox
62
What are antiretrovirals used to treat?
The retrovirus HIV, which causes AIDS
63
What are the two broad groups of fungi?
Yeasts and moulds
64
What are the two types of glands in the skin?
Sebaceous glands - secrete sebum
| Sweat glands
65
What two common skin disorders come from the sebaceous glands?
Seborrhea
| Acne Vulgaris
66
What is seborrhea?
A skin condition caused by excessive secretions, which gives the skin an oily appearance
67
What is pruritus?
Itching of the skin
68
What is eczema?
Dermatitis - hot itchy red oozing skin condition
69
What is Actinic keratosis?
A scaly skin lesion that is caused by too much sun and can lead to skin cancer
70
What is impetigo?
Highly contagious skin infection, characterized by blisters and encrustations
71
What is a furuncle?
A boil usually from a staph infection of the sebaceous gland
72
What is a carbuncle?
Masses of infected follicles with deeper penetration than furuncles
73
What are the two main types of external parasites?
Lice
| Scabies
74
What is pediculosis
An infection of lice
75
What does otic medication treat?
EARS
76
What does ophthalmic medication treat?
EYES
77
What does mydriatics do?
Dilate the eye
78
What are 4 fat soluable vitamins?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
79
What are the effects of Vitamin A on the body?
Used for growth, bone formation, shedding and repair of cells, and reproduction function
80
What does Vitamin E do for the body?
Enhance immune response, slow dementia, prevent cataracts
81
What does Vitamin K do for the body?
Formation of prothrombin in the liver and plays a role in blood clotting
82
What are two water soluable vitamins?
Vitamin B and C
83
What is another name for Vitamin A?
Retinol
84
What is another name for vitamin K?
Phytonadione
85
What is another name for vitamin B1?
Thiamine
86
What is the function of Vitamin B1 in the body?
Carbohydrate metabolism
87
What is another name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
88
What is the function of Vitamin B2 in the body?
Maintains mucous membranes and metabolic energy pathways
89
What is another name for Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid / Niacin
90
What does vitamin B3 do for the body?
Fat synthesis, electron transport, protein metabolism
91
What are the three Ds of a vitamin B3 deficiency?
Diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis
92
What is another name for Vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid?
93
What is the function of Vitamin B5 on the body?
Essential for growth and energy production
94
What is another name for Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
95
What is the function of vitamin B6 in the body?
Amino acid and fatty acid formation
96
What is another name for Vitamin B12?
Cyanocobalamin
97
What does Vitamin B12 do for the body?
Produce red blood cells
98
What happens to the body when there is a Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Anemia
99
What disease is associated with a vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets
100
What disease is associated with a Vitamin B1 deficiency?
Beriberi
101
What disease is associated with a Vitamin B3 deficiency?
Pellagra
102
What disease is associated with a vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
103
What is the average water percentage of body weight, in both women and in men?
```
Women = 45-50%
Men = 50-60%
```
104
A loss of how much body water can lead to death?
25%
105
What is the function of sodium in the body?
Nerve impulses, acid base balance.
106
What happens with a significant loss of sodium?
Vomiting and diarrhea
107
What is the function of potassium in the body?
Regulation of acid base, and water balance.
Protein synthesis
Muscle building
108
What happens when there is a depletion of potassium in the body?
Loss of muscle tone, weakness, and paralysis
109
What is calcium important for in the body?
Bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation
110
What is the function of chloride in the body?
Transport of carbon dioxide
111
What is the function of hydrogen ions in the body?
They determine the acidity or alkalinity of body fluids
112
What is the second most abundant ion found in bones?
Magnesium
113
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
Normal nerve and muscle function
114
What is Ginkgo used to treat?
Alzheimer's Disease
115
What is another name for St. Johns Wart?
Nature's Prozac
116
What is the indication for St. Johns Wart?
Mild depression, anxiety, or insomnia.
117
When should St. Johns Wart NOT be taken??
If on antidepressants
| If on oral contraceptives - can cause irregular bleeding
118
When is echinacea used?
If you have the common cold
119
What is the most common route of poisoning?
Ingestion
