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Pharmacology (Complete) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cystitis?

A

A bladder infection

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2
Q

What cardiac issues are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

High blood pressure, arrhythmias, and angina.

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3
Q

What is a commonly used foaming agent?

A

Gaviscon - alginic acid

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4
Q

What is a stage 2 high blood pressure reading?

A

Systolic of 160-179 and diastolic of 100-109

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5
Q

What antibiotic category interferes with DNA formation?

A

Nalidixic acid

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6
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

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7
Q

What are some side effects of beta blockers?

A

Heart failure, hypotension, sleep disturbances, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, bradycardia, drowsiness

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8
Q

What is the main function of the pineal gland?

A

Sleep cycle

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9
Q

What auxiliary labels are required for beta blockers?

A

May cause dizziness
This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
Do not discontinue abruptly

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10
Q

What is abortive migraine therapy?

A

Treating acure migraines after they occur. These drugs are taken at the first sign of a headache.

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11
Q

What serious warning comes with phenytoin (Dilantin)?

A

It is a known teratogen, classified as a risk category D

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12
Q

What are the most commonly prescribed drugs for bipolar?

A

Lithium compounds

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13
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

A ring of increased thickness in a circular, smooth muscle layer in the esophagus.

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14
Q

What are the four main generalized seizures?

A

Grand mal
Petit mal
Myoclonic
Atonic/Akinetic

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15
Q

What drug classes interact with oral contraceptives?

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Benzos
Bronchodilators

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16
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?

A

1500mL

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17
Q

What do pulmonary arteries do?

A

Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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18
Q

What is a receptor, in terms of pharmacodynamics?

A

A group of specific protein molecules with which drugs combine reversibly or irreversibly

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19
Q

What is ALS also known as?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

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20
Q

What drug classification shound be avoided by pregnant women, or women in their childbearing years?

A

5 a-reductase inhibitors

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21
Q

What is within the thoracic cavity?

A

The heart and lungs

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22
Q

What is loperamide (imodium) used for?

A

Diarrhea - Antimotility agent taken after each loose BM

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23
Q

What does LES stand for?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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24
Q

What do antacids contain?

A

Aluminum salts
Magnesium salts
BOTH

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25
What is an anaphylactic reaction?
A severe reaction resulting in immediate life threatening respiratory distress.
26
What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?
The glomerulus
27
What are three commonly used antidiarrheals?
Pepto bismol - bismuth subsalicylate Lomotil - diphenoxylate atropine Imodium - loperamide
28
What is osteoporosis?
Reduction or weakening of the bone mass, increasing the risk of bone fracture
29
What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?
Nostrils --> nasal cavities --> pharynx --> epiglottis --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
30
Where are magnesium ions found, extra or intracellularly?
intercellularly
31
What is tuberculosis?
Contagious bacterial infection that can spread fro the lungs to other organs
32
What is an emergency blood pressure reading?
Systolic of 180 or higher, and diastolic of 110 or higher
33
What medications can not be taken while also taking nitrates?
sildenifil, verdenifil, tadalafil
34
What is creitinism?
Hypothyroidism at birth
35
What are the two types of narcotic analgesics?
Opiates and opioids
36
What are the two types of hormones in the endocrine system composed of?
One of protein, one of steroid
37
What does TCA stand for?
Tricyclic antidepressants
38
What percentage of male patients will have BPH by age 85?
90%
39
What bacteria plays an important role in causing both gastric and doudenal ulcers
H. Pylori
40
What NEEDS to be avoided when on oral contraceptives? Why?
Smoking - it can cause heart attacks
41
What hormone are pregnancy tests trying to detect?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
42
What do prostaglandin analogues do in terms of ulcer treatment?
Inhibit gastric acid secretion by the direct action on the parietal cells.
43
What does BPH stand for?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
44
What is the most common GI disorder?
IBS
45
What happens with magnesium salt antacids?
Causes diarrhea, and can cause gastric emptying.
46
What are some common PPIs used for ulcer treatment?
``` esomeprazole omeprazole lansoprazole rabeprazole pantoprazole ```
47
What are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?
hypotension, dry cough, hyperkalemia, and renal impairment.
48
What are some natural products to treat menopause?
Red clover evening primrose soy
49
What is angina?
Chest pain due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.
50
Where does metabolism mainly occur?
In the liver
51
In terms of inflammatory action, what do prostaglandins do?
Produce fever, cause pain and inflammation
52
What is neuropathic pain?
Pain associated with nerve injury by trauma, infection, or chronic disease
53
What is ventricular fibrillation?
The ventricular contraction is independent of the atria in a disorganized manner. Can lead to death
54
What kind of things interact with phenytoin (Dilantin)?
``` Alcohol Carbamazepine clonazepam fluoxetine oral contraceptives warfarin corticosteroids ```
55
What auxiliary labels are required on CCBs?
May cause dizziness Avoid taking with grapefuit juice This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate heavy machinery
56
What are some examples of drugs used to treat parkinsons disease?
levodopa-carbidopa ropinirole benztropine
57
What are some pharmacologic OTC therapies for headache?
OTC analgesics 1. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 2. NSAIDs: ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve)
58
What are some side effects of loperamide (imodium)?
Abdominal cramps, drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, rash.
59
What happens during a complex partial seizure?
Purposeless behavior Aura before seizure Lasts up to 20 minutes
60
What is gastritis?
An irritation and erosion of the stomach lining.
61
What happens during a grand mal seizure?
The body becomes rigid, lasting a minute or two. Muscle jerks, shallow breathing, loss of bladder control. After the attack patient is drowsy and confused for some hours.
62
What is the valve of the heart that seperates the atrium and the ventricle on the right side?
Tricuspid atrioventricular valve
63
What kind of hormone is vasopressin?
An antidiuretic hormone
64
What are surfactant laxatives?
Stool softeners with a detergent activity that facilitates admixture of fat and water to make the stool soft and mushy.
65
What schedule is Plan B?
Schedule 3
66
What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
67
What is an addition drug relationship?
The combined effect of two drugs
68
When are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?
In pregnancy
69
What are four symptoms of asthma?
Shortness of breath Tightness of the chest Coughing Wheezing
70
What are some common side effects of opioids?
``` Nausea Vomiting Drowsiness Dry mouth Hypotension Urinary retention and constipation ```
71
What is stage 3 renal disease?
Chronic renal insuffieiency - dialysis is started here
72
What does systole mean in terms of heartbeat?
Contraction of the ventricles send blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation. "lub" sound
73
How do benzos work for anxiety?
Work by reducing neuronal excitability
74
What is the ceiling effect?
The point in which the body no longer gets increased response with increased dosing
75
What are two commonly used surfactant laxatives?
Docusate calcium | Docusate sodium
76
What drugs seriously interact with trazodone?
Xanax (alprazolam) | Halcion (triazolam)
77
What is the gender that has more depression, and what is the peak age group?
Women, 35-45
78
What is the primary treatment option for narcolepsy? Give two examples
stimulants (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine)
79
What are nephrons responsible for?
forming urine
80
What does diastole mean in terms of heartbeat?
relaxation of the ventricles allows them to fill with blood from the atria "dub" sound
81
What is GERD?
A condition or change in tissue structure that results from the reflux of stomach or duodenal content into the esophagus
82
What are the three characteristics of ADHD?
Hyperactivity Impulsivity Distractibility
83
What is prophylactic migraine therapy?
Attempts to prevent or reduce occurence.
84
Is there a cure for asthma?
NO CURE
85
What is included in the initial treatment of a heart attack?
Nitrates, oxygen, aspirin and pain medication
86
What is another name for a heart attack?
Myocardial infarction Coronary thrombosis Coronary occlusion
87
What is a major example of a loop diuretic?
Furosemide
88
How does sucralfate work for ulcers?
It forms a coating over the ulcer, which protects the ulcer from stomach acid and allows it to heal.
89
What classifies pain as chronic pain?
Lasting over three months and severe enough to impair function.
90
What does GERD stand for?
Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease
91
Describe what happens to the body during expiration?
The internal intercostal muscles draw the ribs down and inward. The wall of the abdomen contracts, pushing the stomach and liver upward
92
What other drugs can be used to treat bipolar, besides lithium?
Tegretol (carbamazepine) Depakene (valproic acid) Depakote (divalproex)
93
What are some common side effects of NSAIDs?
``` Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Rash Dizziness Headache Drowsiness Decreased appetite ```
94
What are monophasic oral contraceptives?
fixed dose of estrogen and progestin throughout the cycle
95
What does DIN stand for?
Drug Identification Number
96
What are analgesics?
Medicines to relieve pain
97
How many stages are in Renal Disease?
4 stages
98
How much of the body is intracellular fluid?
two thirds.
99
What are some common Histamine H2-Receptor antagonists used for ulcer treatment?
Ranitidine Cimetidine Famotidine Nizatidine
100
What antibiotic category prevents folic acid synthesis?
Sulfonamides
101
What three disorders is Paxil(paroxetine) indicated for?
Depression OCD Panic disorder
102
What are the three primary classes of analgesics?
Narcotics NSAIDs acetaminophen
103
Where is the highest concentration of histamine found in the body?
In the lungs
104
What is a peptic ulcer?
A small erosion/hole in the GI tract
105
What are generalized seizures?
Involve both hemispheres of the brain at the same time, no local origin.
106
What does bradykinin do?
Cause pain, causes contraction of intestinal, uterine, ad bronchial smooth muscle
107
What is the main function of the thymus?
Immune function
108
What are some examples of alpha blockers?
Flomax Hytrin Xatral
109
What is Graves disease?
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism
110
What hormones does the Hypothalamus produce?
TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, SS, dopamine
111
In the endocrine system, what do prostaglandins do?
Cause uterine contraction and relaxation Assist in transport and nutrition of sperm Uterine cramps in menstruation
112
What is the first like therapy drug used for myoclonic seizures?
Valproic acid
113
Where are chloride ions found, extra or intracellularly?
Extracellularly
114
In the cardiovascular system, what do prostaglandins do?
Reduce blood pressure, increase heart rate, and increase cardiac output.
115
What are some non-prescription and natural remedies for the treatment of insomnia?
diphenhydramine doxylamine melatonin valerian
116
What are some examples of ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension?
ramipril captopril enalapril
117
What does TIA stand for?
Transient Ischemic Attack
118
How do CCB's work to treat hypertension?
Relax blood vessel walls leading to reduced blood pressure.
119
What is partially digested food in the stomach called?
Chyme
120
How many nephrons does each kidney approximately have?
1.3 millium
121
What is the most established SSRI?
Prozac - fluoxetine
122
What does SNRI stand for?
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
123
What are some side effects of Effexor (venlafaxine)?
Nausea Dry mouth Blurred vision Headache
124
How do histamine H2-receptor antagonists work?
They block H2 receptors on gastric cells, antagonizing the normal effect on gastric acid pruduction
125
What are some side effects of CCBs?
Hypotension, flushing, edema.
126
What are the two receptors that histamine acts on?
H1 and H2
127
How many digits are in a DIN
8 digits
128
What is high-normal blood pressure?
130-139 / 81-89 mmHg
129
What are the two forms of inflammatory bowel disease?
Ulcerative Colitis | Crohns Disease
130
What are the cortex and the medulla in the kidneys made up of?
Nephrons
131
What are the 4 main factors effecting distribution?
Blood flow Binding to plasma proteins Binding to cellular constituents Blood Brain Barrier
132
What are the parts of the nephron? (4)
Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of henle Distal convoluted tubule
133
How does angiotensin effect blood pressure?
Antiotensinogen is cleaved to angiotensin 1 with the enzyme renin Angiotensin 1 is cleaved into angiotensin 2 with ACE. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction
134
What is the residual air amount of the lungs?
1200mL, it is what is left in the lungs even with maximum expiration
135
When is misoprostol commonly used when treating ulcers?
It is used to treat and prevent ulcers caused by NSAIDs
136
What is the most common muscle relaxant?
Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine)
137
What is urethritis?
Discomfort or pain at the urethra or a burning sensation in the urethra
138
What is an atrial flutter?
Atria beat much faster than they should
139
What two disorders is fluoxetine/Prozac indicated for?
Major depression and OCD
140
What percent of men get UTIs?
10%
141
What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?
Calcium levels
142
What is the main function of the adrenal gland?
Stress levels
143
What are the most potent diuretics?
Loop diuretics
144
What auxilliary labels are required on nitrates?
``` May cause blurred vision May cause dizziness Do not shake (spray) External use only (patch) Do not take with alcohol ```
145
What happens during an atonic seizure?
Sudden lose of muscle tone and consciousness.
146
What is the most common severe psychiatric disorder?
clinical depression
147
What are the different kinds of diuretics?
Loop diuretics Thiazide diuretics Potassium sparring diuretics
148
What are pharmacodynamics?
The action of drugs in the body over a period of time
149
What is hypokalemia?
Potassium levels are too low
150
What are foaming agents?
They cover your stomach contents with foam to prevent reflux.
151
What are some symptoms of transient ischemic attack?
``` Weakness in arms and legs Vision and language problems Confusion Vertigo Poor balance Lack or coordination ```
152
What classification of drugs are preferred for insomnia?
Benzodiazepines
153
What foods should be avoided with a patient is taking MAOIs?
Cheese Pickled fish Board bean pods Sauerkraut
154
What are the three common types of angina?
Stable Unstable Variant
155
How long do narcolepsy attacks last?
A few seconds to 30 minutes
156
What is hypertension defined as?
Systolic pressure consistently at 140 or higher, and diastolic at 90 or higher
157
What do chloride ion do for the body?
Help regulate differenes in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments and are important for PH balance
158
What is a stage 1 high blood pressure reading?
systolic of 140-159 and diastolic of 90-99
159
In terms of patient care assessment, what does PMH stand for?
Past Medical History
160
What are humectants? What are some examples?
Draws water from the environment into the skin, and retains water that is already present. glycerin, lactic acid
161
What is pulmonary circulation?
Loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.
162
What are the parts of the urinary system?
``` 2 kidneys 2 ureters Urinary bladder 2 sphincter muscles Urethra ```
163
What hormones are produced by ovaries?
Estrogen and progesterone
164
What volume of urine can the bladder contain without high-pressure damage occuring?
700-1000mL
165
What are some examples of CCBs used to treat hypertension?
diltiazem nifedipine verapamil
166
What are some examples of beta blockers used in the treatment of hypertension?
Propranolol Atenolol Nadolol Metoprolol
167
How does Depo-Provera work?
Injection every 3 months, within first 5 days of menstruation.
168
How do beta blockers work to treat hypertension?
Reduce the amount of blood pumped by the heart causing vasodilation
169
What classifictions of drugs are used to treat BPH?
Alpha blockers | 5 alpha reductase inhibitors
170
What are two major problems with NSAIDs?
Ulcers and kidney problems
171
How do MAOIs work?
Inhibit the activity of the enzymes that breakdown catacholamines, thus allowing these transmitters (epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine) to build up in the synapse
172
What are three common side effects of Paxil (paroxetine)?
Nausea Headache Sweating
173
What are the 4 main phases of drug/body interaction in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination ADME
174
The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces which hormones?
Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin
175
What are the two most common antidepressants that do not fall into any of the four different anti-depressant categories?
Desyrel (trazodone) | Zyban, Wellbutrin (bupropion)
176
What is within the abdominal cavity?
The viscera
177
in what patients should OTC decongestants be avoided?
In patients with high blood pressure.
178
What is an esophagus?
A muscular tube that extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm
179
What are some examples of natural health products used for lower back pain?
Devil's claw, white willow bark
180
What are some other drugs used in the treatment of ADHD?
Adderall Dexedrine Vyvanse
181
What is the typical dose of ibuprofen?
400mg taken every 8 hours
182
When should ARB's not be taken?
When pregnant
183
What are some medications that will negatively interact with impotence agents?
``` nitrates antifungals grapefruit juice SSRIs MAOIs ```
184
What is a synergism drug relationship?
The joint action of drugs in which their combined effect is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects.
185
What are some examples of short acting "rescue" medications?
Salbutamol, fenoteral, terbutline
186
What is another name for the bladder?
the detrusor
187
Where does elimination primarily occur?
In the kidney and the bowel
188
What is a potentiation drug relationship?
When a drug increases or prolongs the action of another drug and the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the drugs used alone.
189
What are schedule 3 drugs?
No prescription required In the sight of the pharmacist Lock and leave `
190
What is distribution in terms of pharmacokinetics?
The process by which a drug moves from the blood stream into other body fluids and tissues
191
What does MAOI stnd for?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
192
What are the two types of hypercholesterolemia?
LDL (low density lipoprotein "bad") | HDL (high density lipoprotein "good")
193
What are some examples of diuretics used to treat hypertension?
Hydrochlorothiazide furosemide indapamide
194
What are two commonly used antacids?
Milk of Magnesia | Maalox
195
What are osmotic laxatives?
Stool softeners that draw water into the colon and thereby stimulate evacuation of the lower bowel
196
What is a commonly used bowel evacuant?
Fleet Soda (sodium phosphate)
197
What happens during a petit mal seizure?
inturruption of activities, blank stare, eye twitching. No convulsions. After the person continues normally.
198
What neurotransmitters are major effectors of schizophrenia?
Dopamine, and serotonin to a lesser degree
199
What causes gout?
Hyperuricemia - a buildup or urate in the blood
200
What is the valve of the heart that seperates the atrium and the ventricle on the left side?
Mitral atrioventricular valve
201
What is absorption in terms of pharmacokinetics?
The process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system
202
What are some side effects of bupropion?
Dry mouth Nausea and vomiting Seizures Impotence
203
What is the most common symptom of GERD?
Heartburn
204
What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis?
``` Smoking cigarettes High blood pressure Elevated cholesterol Diabetes Family History Obesity ```
205
What are some side effects of nitrates?
hypotension, headache, and reflex tachycardia.
206
What auxiliary label must be included in inhaled corticosteroids?
Rinse mouth thoroughly after each use
207
What is the rate that filtrate is made in the glomerulus of the nephron?
125ml/min
208
What are some examples of inhaled corticosteroids?
fluticasone, budesonide, beclomethasone
209
What is stage 2 renal disease?
Renal insufficiency - creatine will be slightly elevated, mild anemia could be present.
210
What lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs?
pleural membranes
211
What is gout?
Deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation
212
Which antibiotic categories block protein formation?
Macrolides and tetracyclines
213
What is emphysema?
A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity
214
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
215
What are phase 1 treatments for GERD?
Lifestyle changes, and over the counter antacids.
216
What is the main function of the thyroid gland?
Metabolism
217
ADHD and ADD are more common in girls or boys?
Boys
218
What does SCHOLAR-E stand for, in terms of patient assessment?
``` Symptoms Characteristics History Onset Location Aggravating factors Remitting factors Explanatory Model ```
219
In terms of patient care assessment, what does Med Hx stand for?
Medication History
220
What OTC products can be used to treat nasal symptoms of a common cold?
Saline nose spray for irritated nose Petrolatum for raw nose Menthol for improved nasal breathing.
221
What are the parts of the endocrine system?
``` Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis ```
222
What are the two types of seizures?
Parietal | General
223
How does Ortho-Evra Pathc work?
Transdermal patch containing estrogen and progestin, applied each week for three weeks, nd then one week patch free.
224
How does Plan B work?
Take 2 tablets at once, or one within 72 hours of sex, and one more 12 hours later.
225
What does insulin do for the body?
Lowers the level of sugar in the blood
226
What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?
Duodenal peptic ulcer, which happens in the first 12 inches of the small intestine
227
What should be remembered when taking trazodone?
Take with food at bedtime, Do not take with alcohol Avoid sun exposure
228
What is pyelonephritis?
A kidney infection
229
What is triphasic oral contraceptives?
Estrogen dose is same or varies, progestin varies throughout cycle.
230
What can be damaged if hypertension is left untreated?
Eyes, kidneys, heart and brain.
231
What are the four categories of antidepressants?
SSRI SNRI TCA MAOI
232
What are the two classes of migraine therapy?
Abortive therapy | Prophylactic therapy
233
What happens to patient with ALS?
Disease of nerves that leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventual death.
234
What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
Drowsiness Impaired reflexes Muscle relaxation DEPENDANCE
235
What is an agonist in terms of pharmacodynamics?
A drug that binds to a receptor to elicit a response
236
What auxiliary label should be included on TCAs?
Patients should avoid prolonged sun exposure
237
How many times does the heart beat per minute?
60-100
238
What is stage 1 Renal Disease?
Loss of renal reserve - patients will not experience symptoms
239
How do ACE Inhibitors work to treat hypertension?
Block production of angiotensin 2 thus reducing blood pressure
240
What are partial seizures?
They effect only one side of the brain and can result from injury to the cerebral cortex
241
What divides the two parts of the body cavity?
The diaphragm
242
What causes gastritis of the stomach lining?
Alcohol, smoking, bacteria, fungi, parasites, NSAIDs, and bile reflux
243
What are some first line therapy drugs for a grand mal seizure?
Tegretol Dilantin Valproic acid
244
What are some examples of drugs used to treat schizophrenia?
Zyprexa Clozaril Seroquel Risperdal
245
Describe what happens to the body during inspiration?
The external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs up and out. The diaphragm contracts, drawing it down.
246
What are magnesium ions important for in the body?
Production of bones and teeth | muscle contraction
247
What are two commonly used antiemetics?
Maxeran - metoclopramide | Zofran - ondansetron
248
What are antacids?
Basic compounds that neutralizes hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.
249
How do diuretics help hypertension?
Increase elimination of salt and water through urination which lessens blood volume and pressure.
250
What are three common types of neuropathic pain?
Diabetic neuropathy Phantom limb Shingles
251
What are the 3 main groups of ulcer treatment?
Histamine H2- receptor antagonists PPIs Prostaglandin Analogues
252
What are biphasic oral contraceptives?
Fixed estrogen dose, less progestin in the first half of cycle and increased during the second half
253
What is BPH?
A non-cancerous condition of the prostate gland where it becomes enlarged, which can block the urethra.
254
What is asthma?
A severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles?
255
What is an idiosyncratic response?
These are ususual or unexpected responses to a drug, unrelated to the dose given.
256
What is attpulgite (kaopectate) used for?
Diarrhea - Absorbent agent for mild to moderate acute diarrhea, and is taken after each bowel movement.
257
What is a common prostaglandin analogue used in ulcer treatment?
misoprostol
258
What ion is critical for the production of thyroid hormones?
Iodine
259
Whta are some symptom alleviation and preventative steps that are not pharmacologic we could suggest to a patient with a headache?
``` Hydration Regular sleeping schedule Regular eating schedule Reducing stress Limiting caffeine intake Avoiding triggers. ```
260
What is the recommended OTC therapy for dry skin?
Moisturizers, best used BID or TID
261
What are two commonly used saline laxatives?
Milk of Magnesia and Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate)
262
What is pneumonia?
Infectious condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gasses.
263
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Brings blood from the lungs to the left atrium
264
What is Hypercholesterolemia ?
High cholesterol
265
What can cause fatal consequences when mixed with impotence agents?
Nitroglycerin | Isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate
266
What is optimal blood pressure?
120/80 mmHg
267
What carries blood TO the heart?
Veins
268
When is sucralfate used?
For the treatment of doudenal and stomach ulcers, and the the prevention of doudenal ulcers.
269
What does NPN stand for?
Natural Product Number
270
What age group do petit mal seizures happen most to?
Children
271
How much of the body is extracellular fluid?
One-thirds.
272
What happens during myoclonic seizures?
Sudden, massive muscle jerks. Consciousness is not lost, can occur in sleep.
273
What is the largest gland in the body?
Pancreas
274
What does the aorta of the heart do?
Carries blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation
275
What are three examples of non-narcotic analgesics?
NSAIDs Salicylates Acetaminophen
276
Treatment of anxiety is done by medications that affect which neurotransmitters?
GABA serotonin norepinephrine
277
What percentage of women get UTIs?
40%
278
What does the superior and inferior vena cava do?
Bring blood back to the right atrium from the systemic circulation.
279
What drugs are used in the treatment of alzeheimers?
donepezil rivastigmine galantamine
280
What are some common uses for NSAIDs?
Headaches Muscle pain Inflammation Fever
281
What hormone are produced by the posterior pituitary lobe?
Oxytocin and ADH
282
What is status epilepticus?
A medical emergency brought on by repeated generalized seizures that can deprive the brain of oxygen
283
What drugs are used in the treatment of petit mal seizures?
Valproic acid | clonazepam
284
What is an antagonist in terms of pharmacodynamics?
A drug that interacts with a receptor to prevent a biological response
285
What two diseases are included in COPD?
Emphysema and Bronchitis
286
What is the usual dose of lithium for bipolar?
300mg 2-3 times a day
287
What drugs are used to treat neuropathic pain?
Antidepressants Antisezure drugs Local anesthetics Capsacin
288
Where is the doudenum located?
The first 20-30cm of the small intestine
289
What hormone does the pineal glad produce?
Melatonin
290
What does the adrenal cortex produce in terms of hormones?
Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens
291
What is atherosclerosis?
Gradual process in which plaques of cholesterol are deposited in the walls of arteries.
292
What does IBD stand for?
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
293
What is a major cause of COPD?
Smoking
294
What are occlusives? What is a downside to them? Give an example
Blocks skin surface to prevent further water loss, promotes barrier repair. Downside is they are greasy. Beeswax, mineral oil petrolatum
295
What is a major problem with it comes to antacids, and why?
Patient compliance, because they must be given every hour for 6-8 weeks if there is an active bleed.
296
What classifications of drugs are used in the treatment of heart failure?
``` ACE inhibitors Beta blockers Diuretics ARBs Digoxin Nitrates CCBs ```
297
What neurotransmitter will show a decline in alzeheimers patients?
Acetylcholine
298
What are some symptoms of a panic attack?
``` Chest pain dizziness sweating trembling hot flashes palpitations ```
299
NSAIDs are contraindicated in which patients?
Patients allergic to aspirin
300
What are some common SSRIs?
Prozac - fluoxetine Paxil - paroxetine Zoloft - sertraline Celexa - citalopram
301
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary lobe?
GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
302
What percentage of males have BPH but are asymptomatic?
70%
303
What is cystic fibrosis?
over-secretion of thick mucus
304
What are some examples of combination therapies for respiratory issues?
salmeterol+fluticasone (Advair) | formoterol+budesonide (Symbicort)
305
Why is aspirin a unique NSAID?
Its ability to inhibit the clotting of blood for 4-7 days
306
What drugs should be avoided with a patient is taking MAOIs?
Meperidine Methylphenidate Levodopa Amphetamine
307
What does NSAID stand for?
Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug
308
What auxiliary labels are required for ARBs?
May cause dizziness | This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery
309
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
On the posterior wall of the abdomen, at the level of the 12th rib, on each side of the vertebral column.
310
What do H2 blockers do?
Block H2 receptors in the GI tract
311
What drugs cause an excessive loss of potassium in the urine?
Diuretics, like loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and metolazone
312
What is the direct cause of peptic ulcers?
The destruction of the gastric or intestinal mucosal lining of the stomach by hydrochloric acid
313
What do ARB's treat, in terms of cardiac conditions?
Hypertension, heart failure, prevent stroke and kidney failure.
314
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles
315
What is a second line therapy for a grand mal seizure?
phenobarbital
316
What is the main function of the pituitary gland??
Master gland
317
What neurotransmitters are imbalanced in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine and acetylcholine
318
What are heart arrhythmias?
Abnormal heart rhythms
319
What are some examples of long acting "non-rescue" medications?
salmeterol, formoteral
320
What is stage 4 renal disease?
ESRD - End stage renal disease - patient requires chronic dialysis
321
What are the two most severe side effects and adverse reactions of narcotic analgesics?
Respiratory depression | Fatal overdose
322
What are emollient ointments?
Barrier, seals moisture into skin, minimize water loss. Greasy
323
What are four side effects of TCAs?
Sedation Dry mouth Constipation Urinary retention
324
In terms of patient care assessment, what does HPI stand for?
History of Present Illness
325
What does ALS stand for?
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
326
What are some symptoms of Mania?
``` Overactive Over talkative Lots of energy Short attention span Easily distracted ```
327
What cardiac conditions are ACE inhibitors used to treat?
Hypertension, heart failure, prevent strokes.
328
What are some side effects of fluoxetine?
Drowsiness Insomnia Nausea Loss of appetite
329
The absorption of a drug depends on what 3 main factors?
ROA Soluability Physical Properties
330
What organ is essential for maintaining volume and composition of body fluid through filtration?
Kidneys
331
What do the coronary arteries do?
Provide the heart with oxygenated blood
332
What does the thyroid gland produce?
T3 (triiodothyronine) T4 (Thyroxine) Calcitonin
333
What are saline laxatives?
Saline laxatives attract water into the intestinal lumina
334
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
335
In terms of cardiac diseases, what are beta blockers used to treat?
High blood pressure, angina, arrhythmia's, and heart failure.
336
What are the ventricles of the heart seperated by?
interventricular septum
337
What auxiliary labels should be included in diuretics?
Avoid prolonged sun exposure May cause dizziness This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery
338
What are the contractions in the doudenum called?
Peristalisis
339
What cardiac issues are nitrates used to treat?
Angina, CHF, and hypertensive emergency
340
What happens during a simple partial seizure?
Stiffening or jerking in one extremity No loss in consciousness Sensory hallucinations
341
What is the most common type of seizure?
Parietal seizures
342
What is the most commonly used OTC non narcotic analgesic?
Acetaminophen
343
What is an antagonism drug relationship?
The action of the drug negates the action of the second drug
344
In terms of patient care assessment, what does RFA stand for?
Reason for Assessment
345
What four major effects can narcotics have?
Analgesia, sedation, euphoria, dysphoria.
346
What is systemic circulation?
Blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again.
347
What happens with aluminum salt antacids?
Produce constipation, and delay gastric emptying.
348
What do PPIs do in terms of ulcer treatment
Act by blocking the enzyme system responsible for active transport of protons into the GI lumen.
349
How does the Nuva Ring work?
Insert for 3 weeks, remove for 1 week
350
What does aldosterone do to effect blood pressure?
Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys that increases blood volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.
351
When are antacids commonly given to a patient?
Between meals and at bedtime
352
What are the 5 components of a classic migraine?
``` Prodrome Aura Headache Headache relief Postdrome ```
353
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable bowel syndrome
354
What are some examples of 5 a-reductase inhibitors?
Proscar | Avodart
355
What percentage of males will have BPH by age 60?
50%
356
What does PPI stand for?
Proton Pump Inhibitor
357
What antibiotic categories inhibit cell wall formation?
Penicillins
358
What is anxiety?
A condition associated with tension, fear, or panic
359
What is the vital capacity of the lungs?
4 litres of air
360
What are schedule 2 drugs?
No prescription required Behind the counter Pharmacist consult required Record sale
361
What is the primary site of absorption and why?
The small intestines, because of its large surface area
362
When does menopause occur?
When a woman has not had a period in over 1 year, around age 50
363
What is the first line therapy drug for atonic seizures?
Valproic acid
364
What are the second line thrapy drugs used for myoclonic seizures?
Lamotrigine | clonazepam
365
What are the four major types of anxiety disorders?
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Panic disorder Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
366
What is the drug of choice for ADHD and narcolepsy?
Methylphenidate
367
What is the second line therapy drugs for atonic seizures?
lamotrigine | clonazepam
368
What is atrial fibrillation?
An irregular and sometimes rapid heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of pumping effectively
369
What is hyponatremia?
low levels of sodium
370
In the GI system, what do prostaglandins do?
Stimulate mucosal secretion | Aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit its formation and release
371
What is a transient ischemic attack?
A brief interruption in the blood supply to the brain that leads to temporary neurological deficits.
372
What are the two parts of the body cavity?
Abdominal cavity | Thoracic cavity
373
What are some side effects of phenytoin (dilantin)?
Dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, slowed thinking
374
What are the artia in the heart separated by?
Interatrial septum
375
What are some side effects of ARB's?
Hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, hyperkalemia, dyspepsia, and diarrhea
376
What are the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons
377
Can women get BPH?
NO
378
What is nocturia?
The need to urinate during the night
379
What is diverticular disease?
A result from a deficiency of fiber over time - it is an outpocketing from the bowel wall that becomes inflamed.
380
By age 65, how many percentage of men have ED?
15%-20%
381
What auxilliary labels are required for ACE inhibitors?
May cause dizziness | This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
382
What classification of drugs can be used in children with bed wetting problems?
TCAs
383
What do antihistamines do?
Block H1 receptors in the upper respiratory system
384
What are a few major examples of thiazide diuretics?
hydrochlorothiazide indapamide metolazone
385
In the kidneys, the movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what two factors?
Blood pressure | Osmotic concentation
386
Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?
The alveoli

FINAL FINAL (10 decks)

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