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D1 Spring > Pharmacology - Antibiotics Part 1 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Antibiotics Part 1 (Exam 2) Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Who discovered the world’s first antibiotic

A

Alexander Fleming

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2
Q

3 things to know from antibiotics table

A

1) most antibiotics derived from a natural product
2) development is NOT continuous
3) as bacteria develop resistance, people develop new antibiotics

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3
Q

chemical derived from microorganisms (commonly yeasts and fungi) and used to inhibit other microorganisms (generally, a drug used for bacterial infections).

A

antibiotic

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4
Q

stop growth/reproduction with no cell killing

A

bacteriostatic

(STOP)

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5
Q

stop growth/reproduction AND cell killing

A

bactericidal

(KILL)

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6
Q

stop growth/reproduction AND cell killing/destruction

A

bacteriolytic

(DESTROY)

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7
Q

Differences between gram + and gram - bacteria

A

Gram +: thick peptidoglycan layer, stains purple, anaerobes found in oral cavity, no outer envelope

Gram -: thin peptidoglycan layer, stain pink, outer envelope

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8
Q

What factors play a role in the likelihood of a microorganism to cause an infection?

A
  1. Infectivity (ability of the bacteria to infect the host)
  2. # of organisms present (wash your hands)
  3. Immunity of host (pt. may be immunosuppressed)
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9
Q

Which antibiotics affect the cell wall?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins

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10
Q

Which antibiotics affect the plasma membrane?

A

Daptomycin

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11
Q

Which antibiotics affect DNA synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

Which antibiotics affect metabolic pathways?

A

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim

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13
Q

Which antibiotics affect ribosomes?

A

Tetracyclines (30S subunit)
Macrolides (50S subunit)

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14
Q

Name 5 mechanisms of action of antibiotics

A

1) inhibit cell wall synthesis
2) alteration in cell membrane integrity
3) inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis
4)inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5)inhibition of folic acid synthesis

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15
Q

How does inhibition of cell wall synthesis work?

A

-Beta-lactam antibiotics covalently bind to active site of penicillin-binding proteins (PBP)
-These PBP remove the terminal alanine, this will allow for formation of the cross-linked peptidoglycan wall
-Binding inhibits the transpeptidase rxn and halts peptidoglycan synthesis and the cell dies

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16
Q

Name of rxn that halts peptidoglycan synthesis

A

transpeptidation

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17
Q

Another name for peptidoglycan

A

murein

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18
Q

Peptidoglycan is made of repeated subunits of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid bound by B(1,4) linkages

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19
Q

Peptidoglycan is cross linked via?

A

short peptides

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20
Q

Binding to the cell membrane is ____________ dependent insertion of its lipid tail

A

calcium

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21
Q

After binding to the cell membrane via calcium dependent insertion of lipid tail, what happens?

A

depolarization
K+ efflux
rapid cell death

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22
Q

Protein-making factory

A

ribosome

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23
Q

Different _________ work together to make _______ possible

A

proteins; life

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24
Q

Which drugs target the 50S prokaryotic subunit (bacterial) and 39S eukaryotic subunit (mitochondrial)?

A

erythromycin + chloraphenicol

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25
Which drugs target the 30S prokaryotic subunit (bacterial) and 28S eukaryotic (mitochondrial) subunit?
tetracycline + glycylcline
26
Prokaryotic --> Bacterial (_____S) It is made up of _____S and ______S subunits
70S 50S and 30S subunits
27
Eukaryotic --> Mitochondrial (_____S) It is made up of ______S and ______S subunits
55S 39S and 28S
28
Eukaryotic --> Cytosolic/on rough ER (_____S) It is made up of ______S and ______S subunits
80S 60S and 40S
29
How does inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis occur?
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
30
Antibiotics inhibiting folic acid synthesis also suppress?
DNA synthesis
31
T/F: all microbial resistance patterns are broad
False! They're local bc the antibiotics are based on a particular community
32
Name some methods for reducing bacteria resistance
-education -improved hand washing technique -better hospital infection control -isolation of patients w/ highly resistant bacteria -control of antibiotic use in hospitals -discontinued use of antibiotics in agriculture
33
Mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to drugs (6)
1. Modification of target sites 2. Alternate growth requirements 3. Enzymatic activation 4. Overproduction of target sites 5. Efflux pumps 6. Decrease in cell permeability
34
Very common mechanism of bacterial resistance
enzymatic inactivation
35
What enzyme hydrolyzes penicillins and cephalosporins?
B-lactamase
36
Which enzyme inactivates chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines?
acetyltransferases
37
How do bacteria alter target sites?
-ribosomal point mutations -altering DNA gyrase & topoisomerase -modifying penicillin-binding proteins in viridians group streptococci & pneumococci
38
How do bacteria alter cell wall permeability? Is this a good method?
-limiting access of antibiotic to receptor by deleting outer membrane proteins or closing membrane pore channels Nope, low level of resistance (must be combined with another mechanism)
39
What is the purpose of efflux pumps?
eliminating antibiotics (already in cell) from cell interior as fast as they can enter
40
How many families are there of efflux transporters?
5
41
bacteria develop alternative metabolic growth requirements to evade destruction
auxotrophy
42
Requirement of a specific growth substance beyond the minimum required by the wild type/parent strain for normal metabolism and reproduction. Give an example
auxotrophy; enterococci
43
This acid develops sulfonamide resistance?
Para-aminobenzoic acid
44
How is there overproduction of targets by B-lactamase?
resistance to B-lactam antibiotics
45
antibiotic no longer kills the microorganism, but it merely inhibits its growth or multiplication (growth after drug removal)
tolerance
46
multiplication in the presence of the antibiotic
resistance
47
Antibiotic resistance is characterized by a higher _______
MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration
48
minimum duration for killing of 99% of bacterial cells in the population versus susceptible bacteria
MDK99
49
What does a lower MDK99 indicate?
bacteria is susceptible
50
Tolerance is caused by loss of ______ activity. There is a mutation in the _____________ system controlling the bactericidal autolysin activity
autolysin; sensor-response
51
Resistance occurs with what kind of doses?
subtherapeutic antibiotic doses (does not kill/inhibit the microorganism)
52
In resistance, _________ microorganisms are inhibited, allowing resistant ones to multiply and dominate
sensitive
53
In resistance, the antibiotic is considered a _________ to survival. The microorganism reacts by which 3 things?
threat 1. mutation to resistance 2. acquisition/transfer of resistance genes 3. expression of latent resistance genes
54
Three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer
1. transduction 2. conjugation 3. transformation
55
Name some mobile genetic elements involved in horizontal gene transfer
naked DNA plasmids bacteriophages transposons integrons
56
Jumping genes
transposons
57
self-transfer of genetic information by plasmids or transposons to other microorganisms
conjugation
58
DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage intermediary
transduction
59
naked DNA from their environment into their genome
transformation
60
Name some genetic variations in bacteria
-local nucleotide changes in genome -rearrangement of genomic sequences
61
Name some adverse effects of antibiotic therapy
-allergies -resistance -superinfection -nephrotoxicity -ototoxicity -antibiotic induced photosensistivity -prolonged QTc interval -possible interference w/ oral contraceptives
62
drug deposited in the skin absorbs UV light and transfers energy to local tissue
phototoxicity
63
sunlight causes haptens to become complete antigen to the skin; allergic rxn is immediate or delayed
photoallergy
64
Antibiotics can ___________ the efficacy of oral contraceptives by __________ their clearance from the body
decrease; increase
65
Some anti-coagulants act through inhibition of _______________ blood coagulation proteins. Since gut bacterial flora produce majority of vitamin K, you could further ________ vitamin K production when taking antibiotics
vitamin K-dependent; decrease (decreased vitamin K production = increased effect of Warfarin (anticoagulant) = excessive bleeding)
66
T/F many antibiotics can be used during pregnancy
FALSE
67
Which antibiotics are ok to use during pregnancy?
Penicillin Erythromycin
68
Which antibiotic is NOT ok to use during pregnancy?
Tetracycline

D1 Spring (47 decks)

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