Pharmacology, Drugs and Sports

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

A chemical agent used in the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of disease.

Question 2

Internal Administration

Answer 2

Inhalation
intradermal
Intramuscular
Intranasal
intraspinal
Intravaginal
Intravenous (Fastest, immediate response)
Oral
Rectal (Limited due to dosage regulation)
Sublingual/buccal

Question 3

External Administration

Answer 3

Inuntions (oil based medication rubbed into the skin)
Ointments (long lasting topical medication)
Pastes (ointments with non-fat base)
Plasters (thick ointment, counterirritants)
Transdermal patches (slow release mechanism)
Solutions (administered externally)

Question 4

Drug Vehicle

Answer 4

A drug vehicle is a therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug. A drug is housed in a vehicle that my be either a solid or a liquid.

Question 5

Administering Definition

Answer 5

Administering a drug is defined as providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by the pt.

Question 6

Dispensing Definition

Answer 6

dispensing is providing the pt with a drug in a quantity sufficient for multiple doses.

By law, only licensed persons may prescribe or dispense drugs for an athlete.
Athletic trainers are not allowed to dispense medication unless allowed by state reguators.

Question 7

Administering OTC Drugs

Answer 7

Athletic trainers may be allowed to administer a single dose of nonprescription medication.

Question 8

General Guidelines for Administration

Answer 8

Should be taken as directed
Should not be used in combination without approval of a physician.
Do not use past expiration
Labels should not be removed
Take medications with water unless directed otherwise
Take with food or as directed
Containers should be childproof
Provide verbal and written instructions
Athletes should read the label information and know dosage schedule
Medications should not be shared with other individuals
Ensure that the athlete is aware of side effects and possible addictions
Be aware of interaction between meds and exercise

Question 9

Traveling with Medication

Answer 9

Medication should not be stored in luggage, but carried by the athlete.
Prescription medications; bring extra
Make sure there is a source of medication while traveling
Travel with copies of written prescriptions
Keep medication in its original container
If traveling internationally understand restriction of other countries.

Question 10

Local Antiseptics and Disinfectants

Answer 10

Types of antiseptics and disinfectants ate germicides, which are designed to destroy bacteria; fungicides, which kill fungi; sporicides, which destroy spores; and sanitizers, which minimize contamination by microorganisms.

Question 11

Antiseptics

Answer 11

Applied to living tissue to kill bacteria or inhibit growth.

Question 12

Disinfectants

Answer 12

Used to combat microorganisms.

Applied to non-living objects or surfaces.

Question 13

Germicides

Answer 13

designed to destroy bacteria.

fungicides, sporicides and sanitizers.

Question 14

Alcohol

Answer 14

Most widely used skin disinfectant
Ethyl alcohol and isoprophyl alcohol are equally effective
Inexpensive and non-limiting
Kills bacteria immediately with the exception of spores
Can be used as an antiseptic or astringent
70% solution can be used to disinfect instruments.

Question 15

Phenol

Answer 15

Early antiseptic and disinfectant
Used to control disease organisms
Found in various concentrations and emollients
Derivatives include, resorcinol, thymol, and lysol

Question 16

Halogens

Answer 16

Chorine, bromine, flouride

Betadine solution

Question 17

Oxidizing Agents

Answer 17

Hydrogen Peroxide
Readily decomposes in presence of organic substances and has little use as an antiseptic.
Dilute solution can be used to treat inflammatory mouth and throat conditions.

Question 18

Antifungal Agents

Answer 18

medicine used to treat fungi
Numerous antifungals agents
Some administered orally - must be carefully monitored by physician

Question 19

Antibiotics

Answer 19

Disrupt metabloic processes of pathogenic microorganisms.
Used topically or as a systemic medications
Indiscriminate use can produce hypersensitivity and prevent development of natural immunity or resistance to subsequent infections.
Must be carefully controlled by a physician

Question 20

Penicilin and Cephalosporins

Answer 20

Antibiotic
Used to treat kin and systemic infections
Interferes with metabolism of bacteria.

Question 21

Bacitracin

Answer 21

Antibiotic

Antibacterial agent

Question 22

Tetracycline

Answer 22

Antibiotic
Wide group of antibiotics that have broad antibacterial spectrum
Usually taken orally.

Question 23

Macrolides

Answer 23

Antibiotic
Used for streptococcal infection and mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Same general spectrum as penicilin but can be used with individuals allergic to penicilin.

Question 24

Sulfonamides

Answer 24

Antibiotic
Group of synthetic antibiotics
Used for UTI and skin infections

Question 25

Quinolones

Answer 25

Antibiotic A new group of antibiotics with broad spectrum of activity. Must be carefully monitored for adverse effects

Question 26

Asthma

Answer 26

A chronic inflammatory ling disorder characterized by obstruction of the airways as a result of complex inflammatory processes, smooth muscle spasm, and hyperresponsivness to a variety of stimuli.

Question 27

Goals for Asthma Therapy

Answer 27

Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms Maintain normal lung function Prevent exacerbation Provide adequate pharmacotherapy with minimal adverse effects. Meet athletes expectations of and satisfaction with asthma care.

Question 28

Portable Hand-Held Inhalers are Available

Answer 28

Meter dosed inhalers (pressurized canister) Dry powder inhalers Nebulizer Often individuals become dependent on inhalers

Question 29

Drugs That Inhibit Pain and Inflammation

Answer 29

Drugs used to inhibit pain or inflammation include: Counterirritants and local anesthetics Narcotic analgesics Nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics

Question 30

Possible Reasons that Pain is Inhibited

Answer 30

The excitatory effect of an individual impulse is depressed. An individual impulse is inhibited. The perceived impulse is decreased. Anxiety created by pain or impending pain is decreased.

Question 31

Counterirritants and Local Anesthetics

Answer 31

Analgesics give relief by causing systemic and topical analgesia. Application causes local increases in circulation, redness and rise in skin temperature. Mild pain can often be reduced with counterirritants.

Question 32

Examples of Counterirritants and Local Anesthetics

Answer 32

``` Liniments Analgesic balms Spray coolants Alcohol Menthol Cold Local injectable anesthetics ```

Question 33

Narcotic Analgesics

Answer 33

Most are derived from opium or are synthetic opiates (morphine and codeine) The depress pain impulse and respiratory center.

Question 34

Non-narcotic Analgesics and Antipyretics

Answer 34

These drugs are designed to suppress pain without losing consciousness.

Question 35

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Answer 35

A type of non-narcotic analgesic. Is an effective analgesics and antipyretic but has no anti-inflammatory activity. Does not irritate GI system and is often a replacement for aspirin in non-inflammatory conditions. Over-ingestion can lead to liver damage. Found in products designed to treat cold and flu symptoms.

Question 36

Drugs to Reduce Inflammation

Answer 36

Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin) Widely used Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic Adverse reactions generally GI related Over-ingestion can lead to tinnitus, dizziness Reye's syndrome result in anaphylaxis Should be avoided in contact sports as it prolongs clotting time.

Question 37

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID's)

Answer 37

Contain anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties. Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and effective for osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis Used primarily to reduce pain, stiffness, swelling, redness and fever associated with localized inflammation. Fewer side effects and longer duration than aspirin. Can cause GI reactions, headache, dizziness, depression and tinnitus. Taken in conjunction with heavy alcohol use can produce stomach bleeding NSAID's are associated with increased risk of adverse CV events NSAID's may increase the risk of GI bleeding ulceration and perforation.

Question 38

Corticosteroids

Answer 38

``` Used primarily for chronic inflammation of musculoskeletal and joint problems. Prolonged use can cause complications such as: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances Musculoskeletal and joint impairment Dermatological problems Neurological impairment Endocrine dysfunction Ophthalmic conditions Metabolic impairments ``` Cortisone is primarily injected but can be administered through iontophoresis and phonophoresis.

Question 39

Drugs that Produce Skeletal Muscle Relaxation

Answer 39

These include methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine and carisoprodol. Due to overall relaxation effect, physicians believe these are less specific to muscle relaxation than once believed (they also cause drowziness These drugs are used to eliminate muscle guarding and spasm. These drugs do not appear to be superior to analgesics or sedatives in either acute or chronic conditions.

Question 40

Drugs to Treat GI Disorders

Answer 40

This includes stomach upset, gas formation due to food incompatibilities, acute or chronic hyperacidity. Poor eating habits may lead to digestive dysfunction such as diarrhea or constipation.

Question 41

Antacids

Answer 41

Antacids are durgs that help treat GI disorders. Antacids are used to neutralize acidity in the upper GI and relief of acid ingestion, heart burn and peptic ulcers. Sodium bicarbonate or baking soda are popular Antacids with magnesium tend to have laxative effect. Overuse can cause electrolyte imbalances.

Question 42

Antiemetics

Answer 42

These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomitting It works locally (mucosal lining of stomach) It works centrally (affects the brain; making it less sensitive to nerve impulses for inner ear and stomach). There are a variety of drugs available but some may cause drowsiness.

Question 43

Carminatives

Answer 43

Drugs that inhibit gas formation.

Question 44

Carthartics

Answer 44

(Laxatives) Must be under direct supervision of a physician. Indiscriminate use may render the individual unable to have normal bowel movements. May cause electrolyte imbalances.

Question 45

Antidiarrheals

Answer 45

Diarrhea tends to be a symptom, not a disease. Result of emotional stress, allergies, adverse drug reactions or intestinal problems.

Question 46

Histamine-2 Blockers

Answer 46

Reduces stomach acid output by blocking histamine on certain stomach cells. Used to treat peptic and gastric ulcers. (Tagamet, Zantac)

Question 47

Protien Pump Inhibitors

Answer 47

Used to supress gastric acid secretion.

Question 48

Drugs Used to Treat Colds and Allergies

Answer 48

Nasal Decongestants Cough Medications Antihistamines Sympathomimetics

Question 49

Nasal Decongestants

Answer 49

There are a number of nasal decongestants available | Prolonged use may cause rebound congestion and dependency.

Question 50

Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act

Answer 50

This act bans over-the-counter retail sales of cold medications with pseudophedrine. Limits the amount of pseudoephedrine that can be sold to an individual each month. Regulated sellers also must go through federally mandated self-certification process. Athletic trainers must be familiar with new state laws in order to remain compliant.

Question 51

Cough Medications

Answer 51

Suppress cough (antitussives) or produce fluid in respiratory system (expectorant). Few side effects from non-narcotic antitussives and they are not addictive. Narcotic antitussives contain codeine. Little evidence that expectorants are any more effective on reducing cough than simply drinking water.

Question 52

Antihistamines

Answer 52

Antihistamines are often added to decongestants. Opposes histamine action, but have little effect on the common cold. Beneficial in allergies Impairs the body's ability to dissipate heat. Non-sedating antihistamines pose less risk for heat-related illnesses.

Question 53

Sympathomimetics

Answer 53

This type o drug is often used to reduce spasm of bronchiole smooth muscle. They may cause heat related problems. Epinephrine (EpiPen) - used to treat anaphylaxis from food or insect bites.

Question 54

Drugs to Control Bleeding

Answer 54

Vasoconstrictors Hemostaic Agents Anticoagulants

Question 55

Vasoconstrictors

Answer 55

These are most often administered externally at the site of bleeding. Epinephrine or adrenaline is commonly used. These are immediately to constrict the vessels.

Question 56

Hemostatic Agents

Answer 56

``` drugs that immediately inhibit bleeding. Zeolite granules (QuikClot) and Citosan (HemCon). used as specialized dressings to manage hemorrhage. ```

Question 57

Anticoagulants

Answer 57

Heparin - prolongs clotting time but will not dissolve clot once formed. Controls extension of a thrombus already present. Coumarin derivatives - acts by supressing formation of prothrobin in the liver. given orally, they can be used to slow clotting time in certain vascular disorders.

Question 58

Drugs that Can Increase the Rate of Heat Illnesss

Answer 58

Some drugs may alter he body's ability to thermoregulate. Anticholinergics and antihistamines (decrease the sweating mechanism). Sympathomimetic amines (may predispose athlete to heat stroke). Phenothiazines ( impact hot/cold temp. regulation). diuretics (alters volume expansion and cutaneous vasodialation). The athletic trainer must be aware of potential risk of medications relative to heat illnesses.

Question 59

Over-the-Counter Medications

Answer 59

These are non-prescription medications. Prescription medications pose a greater risk for the patient and require clinical skills and judgment of individuals that are trained and licensed to dispense medications. Record Keeping - always maintain accurate and up to date medical records that include quantity of medication given and method of administration.

Question 60

Record Keeping for AT's

Answer 60

``` At's must maintain accurate and up to date medical records that include: Name Complaint Current medication Any known drug allergies Name of medication Lot number expiration date Quantity of medication given Method of administration Date and time of administration. ```