Pharmacology In Pediatrics

Question 1

Preterm or premature

Answer 1

<36 week gestational age

Question 2

Neonate

Answer 2

<30 days old

Question 3

Infant

Answer 3

Age 1 month until 1 year old

Question 4

Child

Answer 4

Age 1 until 12 yr old

Question 5

Adolescent

Answer 5

Age 12-18

Question 6

Drug ____ is related to gastric acidity, gastric emptying time, GI motility, pancreatic enzyme activity, GI surface area, and skin permeability

Answer 6

Durg absorption

Question 7

Drug distribution is related to

Answer 7

The blood brain barrier and plasma proteins

Question 8

Drug metabolism is related to

Answer 8

The liver

Question 9

Drug elimination is related to

Answer 9

Renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Tubular function

Question 10

In premature neonates, gastric acidity is

Answer 10

Lessened

Question 11

In premature neonates, gastric emptying time is

Answer 11

Slower

Question 12

In premature neonates GI motility is

Answer 12

Lower

Question 13

In premature neonates pancreatic enzyme activity is

Answer 13

MUCH lower

Question 14

In premature neonates, GI surface are is

Answer 14

Greater

Question 15

In premature neonates skin permeability is

Answer 15

MUCH higher

Question 16

In premature neonates, there is a ______ distribution across the blood brain barrier

Answer 16

Increased

Question 17

In the premature neonate, the number of plasma proteins is

Answer 17

Decreased

Question 18

In the premature neonate liver metabolism

Answer 18

Is lower, with a decrease in bile acid synthesis

Question 19

In premature neonates, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and tubular function is…

Answer 19

Lessened

Question 20

In neonates, gastric acidity, gastric emptying time, GI motility and pancreatic enzyme activity are ___

Answer 20

Lower

Question 21

In neonates, GI surface area and skin permeability are

Answer 21

Greater

Question 22

In neonates, the blood brain barrier is

Answer 22

Less developed

Question 23

In neonates, plasma proteins are

Answer 23

Less present

Question 24

In neonates, drug metabolism in the liver is

Answer 24

Lower

Question 25

In neonates, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and tubular function are

Answer 25

Lower

Question 26

In infants, gastric acidity is

Answer 26

Less

Question 27

In infants, gastric emptying time is

Answer 27

Equal

Question 28

In infants, GI motility is

Answer 28

Lower

Question 29

In infants, pancreatic enzyme activity is

Answer 29

Lower

Question 30

In infants, GI surface area is

Answer 30

Greater

Question 31

In infants, skin permeability is

Answer 31

Equal

Question 32

In infants, distribution across the blood brain barrier is

Answer 32

The same

Question 33

In infants, the amount of plasma proteins is

Answer 33

The same

Question 34

In infants, liver metabolism is

Answer 34

Less than

Question 35

In infants, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and tubular function are

Answer 35

Lower than

Question 36

In children, gastric acidity is

Answer 36

The same

Question 37

In children, gastric emptying time is

Answer 37

The same

Question 38

In children, GI motility is

Answer 38

the same

Question 39

In children, pancreatic enzyme activity is

Answer 39

Equal to

Question 40

In children, GI surface area is

Answer 40

Greater than

Question 41

In children, skin permeability is

Answer 41

Equal to

Question 42

In children, distribution accross the blood brain barrier is

Answer 42

Equal

Question 43

In children, the amount of plasma proteins is

Answer 43

equal

Question 44

In children, metabolism by the liver is

Answer 44

equal or greater

Question 45

In children, elimination by the kidney is

Answer 45

the same

Question 46

In the adolescent, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination is

Answer 46

equal; closely monitor during this time

Question 47

In rectal absorption, _____ is avoided because the drug is absorbed by the _____ which are not a part of

Answer 47

first-pass hepatic elimination hemorrhoidal veins which are not part of the portal circulation

Question 48

Pulmonary absorption and drug delivery are ____ in infants and children because ____

Answer 48

decreased | infants and children have lower tidal volumes and increased respiratory rates (especially when crying)

Question 49

Metabolic enzymes that have been identified as important in human drug metabolism, include

Answer 49

``` cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) CYP1 CYP2 and CYP3 families pronounced "sip" ```

Question 50

Codeine is metabolized to ____ via the enzyme ____

Answer 50

morphine | Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)

Question 51

Ultrarapid metabolizers of ____ are at risk of high levels of morphine after the metabolism of ___

Answer 51

cytochrome p450 2D6 (CYP2D6) | Codeine

Question 52

The enzyme ____ metabolizes caffeine and theophylline

Answer 52

CYP1A2 | Cytochrome P4520 1A2

Question 53

CYP1A2, responsible for the metabolism of __________, is _____ at birth

Answer 53

caffeine and theophylline | reduced

Question 54

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is ____ at birth, reaches adult levels at ___, and ____ throughout childhood. Therefore, when prescribing theophylline to neonates, ____ doses administered___ frequently than in older infants and children.

Answer 54

``` reduced 4 months exceeds adult levels lower doses less frequently ```

Question 55

In adults, acetaminophen (Tylenol) is a substrate for ____

Answer 55

glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 and 1A9

Question 56

In adults, acetaminophen is metabolized by a _____ reaction

Answer 56

by a phase II glucuronidation reaction

Question 57

phase II biotransformation reactions ___

Answer 57

produce a much more water-soluble compound that can be excreted more easily

Question 58

phase I biotransformation reactions

Answer 58

modifies a compound to reveal a reactive group to which a conjugation molecule can react