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J Principles > PHARMACOLOGY (principles and transition) > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY (principles and transition) Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

therapeutic ratio equation

A

max tolerated conc divided by min effective conc

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2
Q

why is a low therapeutic ratio bad

A

means there isnt much difference in an effective conc and a damaging conc = can be dangerous if you dont monitor it

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3
Q

what are the parasympathetic pre ganglionic neurons

A

ACh

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4
Q

what are the parasympathetic post ganglion neurones

A

ACh

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5
Q

what are the sympathetic pre ganglion neurones

A

ACh

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6
Q

what are the sympathetic post ganglion neurones

A

noradrenaline

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7
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M1

A

Gq

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8
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M2

A

Gi

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9
Q

which G protein is stimulated by M3

A

Gq

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10
Q

which G protein is stimulated by alpha1

A

Gq

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11
Q

which G protein is stimulated by alpha2

A

Gi

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12
Q

which G protein is stimulated by beta1

A

Gs

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13
Q

which G protein is stimulated by beta2

A

Gs

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14
Q

M1 = Gq =

A

increased phospholipase C = stomach acid secretion

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15
Q

M2 = Gi =

A

decreased adenyl cyclase = decreased heart rate

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16
Q

M3 = Gq =

A

increased phospholipase C = salivary gland secretion, bronchoconstriction, vasodilation

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17
Q

A1 = Gq =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = vasoconstriction

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18
Q

A2 = Gi =

A

decreased adenyl cyclase = decreased noradrenaline

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19
Q

B1 = Gs =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = increase heart rate

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20
Q

B2 = Gs =

A

increased adenyl cyclase = bronchodilation, vasoconstriction (but vasodilation of coronary vessels = blood gets back to heart)

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21
Q

pharmacodynamic definition

A

how a drug affects an organism

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22
Q

pharmacokinetic definition

A

how an organism affects a drug

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23
Q

allopurinol dosage normal

allopurinol dosage renal failure

A

300mg

<100mg

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24
Q

how does sildenafil (Viagra) work

what is it used for

Study These Flashcards
A

causes vasodilation = increased blood supply to penis = erection
used for erectile dysfunction

25
which type of drugs are contraindicated if taking sildenafil (Viagra) why
vasodilators
26
which of the following is contraindicated if someone is taking sildenafil (Viagra); ``` Allopurinol Omeprazole Isosorbide mononitrate Bisoprolol Simvastatin ```
isosorbide mononitrate (GTN) - causes vasodilation (and so does sildenafil)
27
which type of drug exacerbates gout | why
loop diuretics | inhibits excretion of urate = high urate = gout exacerbation
28
which of the following is contraindicated in gout bc it can cause an exacerbation; ``` Simvastatin Omeprazole Ramipril Metformin Furosemide ```
furosemide (loop diuretic)
29
what drug does grapefruit juice pharmokinetically affect; ``` Bisoprolol Simvastatin Metformin Isosorbide mononitrate omeprazole ```
simvastatin
30
which drug effectiveness is decreased by impaired renal function; ``` Metformin Simvastatin Furosemide Aspirin Bisoprolol ```
furosemide (loop diuretic)
31
management of gout flare up (first, second, third line)
first line - naproxen second line - colchicine third line - PO prednisolone
32
contraindication to using naproxen for acute gout flare up management (2)
renal failure/impaired renal function already on ACEi and diuretic = triple whammy note: naproxen is a NSAID
33
what type of drug is naproxen
NSAID
34
what can ACEi + diuretic + NSAID cause
triple whammy
35
which of the following is contraindicated for acute gout flare up management in someone with renal failure and already on ACEi and diuretic; ``` Colchicine Naproxen PO prednisolone IM steroid Intra-articular steroid ```
naproxen (NSAID)
36
who are NSAIDs contraindicated in (2)
risk of GI bleed | renal impairment
37
someone who take warfarin for AF prophylaxis has renal impairment needs analgesia for back pain ``` which is most suitable; Aspirin Diclofenac Paracetamol Ibuprofen Naproxen ```
paracetamol NSAIDs contraindicated bc renal failure and increase GI bleed risk?? aspirin contraindicated bc blood thinner and on warfarin
38
how many days before surgery should warfarin be stopped
5 days
39
how many days before surgery should aspirin be stopped
7 days
40
paracetamol overdose management, which is most appropriate; ``` General supportive measures Gastric aspirations and lavage PO activated charcoal IV N-acetylcysteine Alkaline diuresis ```
IV N-acetylcysteine
41
management of hypotension caused by spinal anaesthesia, which is most appropriate; ``` Clonidine Cyclizine Ephedrine Propranolol GTN ```
ephedrine - causes vasoconstriction by activating sympathetics
42
what does ephedrine do
causes release of noradrenaline = sympathetic activation = increases bp
43
is Vd (volume of distribution) of lipid soluble drugs greater in males or females of same BMI why
females | bc more fat = more places the lipid soluble drug can be absorbed into
44
is Vd (volume of distribution) of lipid soluble drugs affected by BMI why
yes! bc more fat = more places the lipid soluble drug can be absorbed into = higher volume of distribution (Vd)
45
is rate of elimination dependent on volume of distribution (Vd)
yes - as Vd increases, rate of elimination increases
46
may Vd (volume of distribution) exceed the total volume of the body in lipid soluble drugs
yes! it is v large (don't really understand but KNOW!)
47
which is true about lipid soluble drugs and their volume of distribution (Vd); Vd is larger in men compared to women of similar body mass Vd is unaffected by body mass index (BMI) Vd is typically less than 5 litre (or approx 70ml/kg) Rate of elimination if independent of Vd Vd may exceed the total volume of the body
Vd may exceed the total volume of the body
48
by which mechanism does spinal anaesthesia cause hypotension
blockade of sympathetic transmission to blood vessels = vasodilation
49
which of the following is not indicated for secondary prevention of MI after MI ``` furosemide simvastatin bisoprolol Ramipril aspirin ```
furosemide statin, ACEi + beta blocker indicated aspirin + another antiplatelet indicated
50
which drug causes hyperkalaemia by what mechanism
ramipril (ACEi) ACEi = decreased Na+ reabsorption into blood vessels to decrease bp (water and Na+ out of blood vessels) Na+ and K+ are opposites - as one goes in, other goes out
51
which of the following drugs causes hyperkalaemia ``` Ramipril furosemide metformin allopurinol simvastatin ```
Ramipril
52
which of the following drugs doesn't cause hypotension ``` isosorbide mononitrate (GTN) furosemide simvastatin Ramipril bisoprolol ```
simvastatin statins don't affect vascular smooth muscle or CO = no effect on hypo/hypertension
53
which PPI should be avoided if prescribed with clopidogrel ; ``` dexlansoprazole pantoprazole lansoprazole rabeprazole omeprazole ```
omeprazole | don't need to know mechanism
54
which of the following doesn't need to be used with caution in patients with renal failure (rest do); ``` simvastatin allopurinol metformin omeprazole Ramipril ```
omeprazole - metabolized in the liver rest are metabolized in the kidneys
55
steady state plasma conc definition
when rate of administration = rate of elimination
56
relationship between Vd and loading dose
LD = Vd x target conc
57
what equation do you use to figure out conc of drug after a certain amount of time if you are given its half life
Ct = Co x (0.5)^n | where n = number of half lifes and Co = initial plasma conc
58
is half life of drug dependent on dosage
no - they are independent | half life doesnt vary if you alter dose
59
what happens to length of drug in system if you double the loading dose
it increases by one half life

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