Pharmacy Review Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Who can prescribe prescription drugs
A
Require a written prescription by an accredited authorized
Prescriber provider.
2
Q
What are controlled substance prescriptions written on
A
DD 1289
3
Q
Define pharmacokinetic
A
the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
4
Q
What are factors that alter bioavailability?
A
Drug form, route, liver changes, GI mucosa, food and drugs, solubility
5
Q
Where does metabolism occur?
A
Liver, kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa
6
Q
What factor can increase the half-life of a drug?
A
Liver disease and old age
7
Q
What is a cumulative drug effect?
A
When the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given.
8
Q
What is an additive drug reaction?
A
When the combined effect of two drugs equal the sum of each drug given alone
9
Q
What is synergism
A
When drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions
10
Q
What are the parenteral drug admin routes?
A
SubQ = between skin and muscle (slower than IM), IM = directly to the muscle, IV= directly into the blood (action is immediate), ID= first and second layer of the skin (sensitivity tests)
11
Q
What can be applied to the skin causing a systemic effect?
A
transdermal
12
Q
What route has a local effect on the lungs?
A
inhalation
13
Q
In high doses, what drug has anticonvulsant properties?
A
Barbiturates
14
Q
What is used as a short term antianxiety?
A
Benzodiazepines
15
Q
What are some examples of benzodiazepines?
A
(END in PAM) Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alrazolam
16
Q
What is used in the management of generalized tonic-clonic, status epilepticus and partial seizures?
A
Barbiturates
17
Q
How do antidepressants work?
A
increase serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS
18
Q
Who will not be prescribed MAOI?
A
CVA disease, CHF, Hypertension
19
Q
How do antipsychotics work?
A
Block dopamine receptors in the brain
20
Q
What is a contraindication of antipsychotics
A
Hypotension
21
Q
What is an antipsychotic carried onboard
A
Haloperidol
22
Q
What are CNS stimulants used for?
A
Treatment of ADHD and Narcolepsy
23
Q
How do anticonvulsants work?
A
Reduction of excitability of the neurons in the brain
24
Q
What are some examples of anticonvulsants?
A
(End in PAM) Diazepam, Lorazepam, Clonazepam
25
What is the adverse side effects of TCA's?
Dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, urinary retention, constipation and orthostatic hypotension.
26
When used with a MAOI, what may result in a fatal reaction referred to as serotonin syndrome?
Setraline
27
What is the action of anti-emetics?
Primarily by inhibiting the chemoreceptor trigger zone or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
28
Ondansetron block the effects of serotonin at what?
5-HT3 receptor sites
29
What are some examples of antiemetics and antivertigo?
(End in ZINE) Promethazine, meclizine
30
How does local anesthetics work?
inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes
31
What is used in the relief of mild to moderate pain?
Non-salicylates
32
What is an example of non-salicylates?
Acetaminophen
33
What is the action of NSAIDS?
- Inhibit the action of cox1 and cox2 which is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis
34
What is the difference between COX1 and COX2?
Non-selective and Selective
35
What is a possible adverse side effect of NSAIDS?
GI upset and may increase your risk of heart attack or stroke
36
Long term use of NSAIDS may result in what
GI bleeding, stop use if prolonged bleeding or dark stools occur
37
What medication is both a salicylate and an NSAID?
Aspirin
38
What is the action of Narcotic Analgesics?
Alteration to the perception of and response to pain
39
What is the Antagonist to Narcotics (Opioids)?
Naloxone
40
What can antihistamines also be used to treat?
Insomnia, motion sickness, or vertigo
41
What are H2 antihistamines used to treat?
Gastric Ulcers
42
How do decongestants work?
induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced swelling and mucus formation in these areas
43
What is the max amount of time you can take Oxymetazoline HCL for?
no more than 3 days, may result in rebound congestion
44
How do Beta2 agonists work?
Cause relaxation (dialation) of bronchioles
45
What is a contraindication of beta2 agonist?
Cardiac arrhythmias, narrow angle glaucoma. Also should not be used while taking a beta blocker as it may inhibit the effects of the beta2 agonist
46
What are the adverse effects of anticholinergics?
Flushed face, Blurred vision, Urinary retention, Confusion, hallucinations, increased heart rate/body temp and dry mouth.
47
What is used in the treatment of Asthma and COPD?
Leukotriene antagonist and mast cell stabilizers
48
How do antitussives work?
Depress cough center and anesthetize stretch receptors
49
How does expectorants work?
Expectorants reduces the viscosity, tenacious secretion by increasing respiratory tract fluid
50
What loosens and mobilizes thick mucus from respiratory system?
Mucolytic
51
What is used as an expectorant on board?
Guaifenesin
52
What do antiarrhythmic do?
decreases symptomatology while increasing hemodynamic performance
53
What do class 2 beta blockers do?
Block stimulation of the beta receptors of the heart
54
What class of beta blockers block potassium channels in the heart?
Class 3
55
What class of beta blockers would you use for ventricular dysrhythmias and atrial fibrillation?
Class 3
56
What is a decrease in oxygen supply to the heart muscle resulting in chest pain or pressure?
Angina
57
What is used to treat angina?
- Nitroglycerin
58
When would you not give nitroglycerin?
- Low blood pressure
59
What is considered stage 1 hypertension?
Systolic 130-139 and/or diastolic 80-89
60
If lifestyle changes do not help hypertension then what drug will you give?
Thiazide Diuretuc, ACE-I, ARB or CCB
61
What is the lasix management of edema associated with CHF, renal diseas and acute pulmonary edema
Loop diuretics
62
A dry hacking cough is associated with some patients taking this medication
ACE inhibitors
63
What is the examples of ACE-inhibitors?
(End in PRIL) lisinopril
64
What are examples of beta blockers?
(End in OLOL) - metoprolol
65
How does thiazide diuretics work
- inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidney
66
What diuretic is one of the first line indication for managing hypertension in the absence of any contraindication?
Thiazide Diuretics (HCTZ Hydrochlorothiazide)
67
What is 1st line indication in the treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus?
ACE inhibitors and ARBS
68
What are anti-hyperlipidemias used for?
reduction of blood lipids in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease and its sequelae
69
What are examples of anti-hyperlipidemias?
(End in STATIN) atorvastatin and simvastatin
70
What is the action of antacids?
Neutralize or reduce acidity of the stomach and duodenal contents by combining with hydrochloric acid and producing salt and water
71
What is an example of a commonly used antacid?
Calcium carbonate
72
What is the action of Proton pump inhibitors?
Supress gastric acid secretion by blocking the final step in the production of gastric acid be the gastric mucosa
73
What do you use to treat ulcers with helicobacter pylori?
Proton pump inhibitors
74
What is an example of a Proton pump inhibitor?
End in ZOLE) omeprazole
75
How do antidiarrheal work?
Decrease intestinal peristalsis
76
When would you not give an antidiarrheal?
When you cannot rule out infection as a cause
77
What is an example of an antidiarrheal?
- Loperamide
78
What is the action of anti-flatulents?
- Simethicone has a defoaming action that dispereses and prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets in the intestines
79
What can occur with bulk producing laxatives?
Obstruction of esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and colon
80
When treating an underlying hemorrhoid condition are best achieved how?
- Increasing consumption of fiber/fiber supplements, laxatives and applying warm sitz bath and invasive procedures
81
What can happen when prolonged or excessive use of hemorrhoid medications?
- may lead to atrophy of the affected tissues
82
What is insulin used to control?
Type one diabetes mellitus
83
When taking oral hypoglycemic agents what factors may result in hypoglycemia
Eats too little, Dose greater, Increased Physical activity, infection
84
In order to take oral antidiabetics what needs to work?
Pancreas
85
What hormone influences every organ and tissue in the body?
Thyroid Hormones
86
What is an example of a thyroid medication?
Levothyroxine
87
Why would you give male hormone replacement?
Replacement therapy for testosterone deficiency (Hypogonadism)
88
What are contraceptives used for?
inhibit ovulation
89
What is a severe adverse reaction of contraceptives?
Venous Thromboembolism
90
Define bacteriostatic
Drugs that slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria
91
Define Bactericidal
Drugs that kill bacteria
92
What is a contraindication of Sulfonamides?
Sulpha allergies, and use in caution with patients having G6PD
93
What are sulfonamides used for?
Control UTI's caused by e coli, staphloccus and silver sulfadiazine is topical used to treat burns
94
What is an adverse reaction of Sulfonamides?
Use with caution in patients with G6PD as hemolysis may occur
95
What is the action of Tetracyclines?
- Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, which is necessary for reproduction
96
What is an example of tetracyclines?
Doxycycline
97
What is the action of Fluoroquinolones
prevents cell reproduction leading to death of the bacteria (Bacteriocidal)
98
What class of drugs inhibit viral replication?
antivirals
99
What are some viral diseases?
- HIV, Influenza A/B, Chronic Hep C treatment, and Herpes
100
What are some examples of antivirals?
- End in VIR, Acyclovir
101
What is the action of anti-fungals?
May be fungicidal or fungistatic having an effect on the cell membrane of the fungus.
102
What are the examples of anti-fungal?
End in ZOLE - Clotrimazole
metronizazole isnt antifungal its antibacterial
103
What class of drugs is used to relieve acute painful musculoskeletal conditions?
muscle relaxers
104
Why will you not stop corticosteroids abruptly?
A potentially life threating adrenal insufficiency can occur
105
How do antimigraine medications work?
Acts on intracranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of trigeminal system; causes vasoconstriction and reduces neurogenic inflammation
106
What are the examples of antimigraine medications?
End in TRIPTAN, sumatriptan, rizatriptin
107
What class of drug inhibits sodium ion influx through nerve cell membrane channels in parasites resulting in delayed repolarization and thus paralysis and death of the pest?
Scabicide
108
What is a scabicide?
Permethrin
109
What is the action of topical corticosteroids?
Exert localized anti-inflammatory activity
110
What treats otitis externa
Ciprofloxacin
111
What do local anesthetics do?
- inhibit the conduction of impulses of the sensory nerve fibers
112
When should you make sure is not present before administering otic solutions?
Ensure there is no ear drum perforation.
113
What are some nicotine replacement therapy?
Transdermal patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge
114
Who has overall responsibility of controlled substances?
co
| SMDR has custodial
115
When will you change the combination code?
every 6 months
116
who is required to be present when destroying medications
3 CSIB board members one being the senior member
117
What form is used when theft of a controlled substance occurs?
DA 106
118
How often is CSIB inventory conducted?
Quarterly, Monthly or as requested
119
what is the action of stimulant laxatives
Increase peristalsis by direct action on the intestine.
120
are antilipidemics diuretics?
no
121
what is the examples of macrolides?
(a) Azithromycin: Zithromax
(b) Erythromycin (Alternate therapy and off label use for acne).
(c) Clarithromycin
(d) Teithromycin
122
Examples of Fluoroquinolones
(a) Ciprofloxacin: Cipro
| (b) Levofloxacin: Levaquin
123
examples of Aminoglycosides
(a) Gentamicin
| (b) Neomycin
124
What is the action of Lincosamide
Exerts an extended post-antibiotic effect against some strain of bacteria.
125
what are the examples of Lincosamide
a) Clindamycin
| b) Lincomycin
126
The effectiveness of individual antibiotics depends on these factors
(a) Location of the infection
(b) Ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection.
(c) Ability of the bacteria to resist or inactivate the antibiotic.
127
what has the highest risk of dehydration
thermogenics
128
What are anti-emetics/anti-nauseants used for?
Phenothiazines act to inhibit nausea and vomiting
129
What is Furosemide (Lasix) used in the treatment of?
a. Edema due to CHF\
b. Cirrhosis of the liver
c. Acute pulmonary edema
130
Remember
a. Antacids - reduce the acidity of the stomach
b. H2 antagonist- reduces the secretion of gastric acid
c. PPIs – suppress gastric acid secretions
Remember
a. Antacids - reduce the acidity of the stomach
b. H2 antagonist- reduces the secretion of gastric acid
c. PPIs – suppress gastric acid secretions
131
How many safes are required?
2 with the exception of ddg1000, LCS, mcm, pc they only have one
132
How often are the safe combinations changed?
Immediately upon turnover
b. Suspicion of compromise
c. Every six months
133
What does nitric oxide enhance?
Oxygen and nutrient delivery to muscles
