A&P Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
The science of STRUCTURE
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
The science of body FUNCTION
3
Q
How many levels of organization are there?
A
6
4
Q
Smallest to Largest, what are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?
A
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
5
Q
What is within the chemical level?
A
Atoms and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together
6
Q
What’s the smallest unit of matter?
A
Atoms
7
Q
What atoms are essential for maintaining life?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium
8
Q
What is the smallest living unit in the human body?
A
Cells
9
Q
What are the four basic types of tissue?
A
connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous
10
Q
Tissues form together to make_____?
A
Organs
11
Q
Organs join together to make______?
A
a system
12
Q
What is the largest level of organization?
A
Organismal
13
Q
Which body systems help eliminate waste?
A
Intugmentary system
14
Q
Define homeostasis
A
The maintenance of a stable condition
15
Q
What systems mainly control homeostasis?
A
Endocrine and Nervous
16
Q
Homeostasis is considered to be_____?
A
Dynamic
17
Q
What mostly controls homeostatic mechanisms
A
Endocrine and Nervous system
18
Q
What does the Nervous system do as a homeostatic mechanism
A
Detects change from a balance state and sends the message in form of nerve impulses
19
Q
What does the endocrine system do as a homeostatic mechanism
A
corrects the change by secretion of hormones,
20
Q
What is a feedback system?
A
a cycle of events in which a condition in the body is
continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
21
Q
what is some examples of a controlled condition?
A
blood pressure
blood glucose
body temp
22
Q
Define stimulus
A
a disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
23
Q
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
A
Receptor
Control center
Effector
24
Q
What is a receptor?
A
a body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition
25
What is a Control Center?
Sets the range values of a controlled condition
26
What is an effector?
Receives output from the control center and produces a response
27
What does a negative feedback loop do?
Reverses a change
28
What is an example of a negative feedback system?
Blood pressure
Blood glucose level
Body temp
29
What does a positive feedback system do?
Strengthens a response
30
What are the examples of a positive feedback system?
Child birth
ovulation
blood clotting
31
What is the most common type of feedback system found in the body?
Negative
32
How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they
different?
Similar: both produce a change
Difference: one reverses, one strengthens
33
Define the anatomical position
Body erect, head neutral, eyes forward, palms facing out
34
Why do we use precise language in anatomy and physiology?
To prevent confusion and create a standard
35
Define prone
Face down
36
Define supine
face up
37
What are the major body regions?
```
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
```
38
Define Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
39
Relate the Heart and the liver using directional terms
The heart is superior to the liver
40
Define Inferior
away from the head, body structure
41
Define Anterior(ventral)
Nearer to or the front of the body
42
Define posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
43
Define Medial
Toward the middle
44
Define Lateral
Away from the midline
45
Define proximal
Toward the attachment point
46
Define distal
Away from the insertion point
47
What are the 4 major planes?
Sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique
48
Define sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides into left and right halves
49
Define midsagittal
Equal left and right halves
50
Define parasagittal
unequal left and right halves
51
Define frontal plane
divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
52
Define transverse
divides body into superior and inferior halves
53
Which plane does not fall into a right angle?
Oblique
54
What is a body cavity and the purpose of a body cavity?
Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs
55
What forms the cranial cavity?
cranial bones and protects the brain
56
What makes up the vertebral canal?
bones of the vertebrae (spine) and contains the spinal cord
57
What are the major body cavities of the trunk?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
58
What is the thoracic cavity
chest
59
What are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity?
pericardial
pleural
mediastinum
60
what does the mediastinum contain?
It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood
vessels.
61
what shape is the diaphragm?
dome
62
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
the diaphragm
63
What is in the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine
64
what is in the lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, portions
| of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system
65
what are the organs called inside the abdominopelvic cavity?
viscera
66
what is the serous membrane of the pleural cavity called?
pleura
67
what are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac
b) Epigastric
c) Left hypochondriac
d) Right lumbar
e) Umbilical
f) Left lumbar
g) Right inguinal (iliac)
h) Hypogastric (hi-po-GAS-trik)
i) Left inguinal (iliac)
68
what are the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants?
RUQ, LUQ
| RLQ, LLQ
69
Which is most commonly used by clinicians when referring to the abdominopelvic region?
quadrants
70
List some organs found in each of the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants.
Gallbladder Liver //// stomach spleen
-------------------------////-------------------------
Large and small intestines
Kidneys (Lumbar region)
71
What landmarks separate the various body cavities from one another?
Midvlavicular
72
Define chemistry
The science of structure and the interactions of matter
73
Define Mass
Amount of matter in any living or nonliving thing
74
How many different elements are there?
118
75
How many elements are found in the body?
26
76
What constitutes 96% of the bodys mass?
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
77
how many elements contribute to 3.6% of the bodys mass?
8
78
How many trace elements are found in the body?
14
79
which element is needed to make thyroid hormones?
iodine
80
which element is needed to make hemoglobin?
Iron
81
What is the smallest unit of matter?
Atom
82
What two basic parts make up an atom?
nucleus and 1 or more electrons
83
What kind of charge do protons have?
positive
84
What kind of charge does electrons have?
negative
85
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom refers to____?
Atomic number
86
What makes up the mass number?
protons + neutrons
87
If an atom gives up or gains an electron why does it have a positive charge?
because of the unequal balance of positive protons and and negative electrons
88
Positive charged ions are called?
Cations
89
Negative charged ions are called?
anion
90
What is it called when two or more atoms share an electron?
Molecule
91
What is a compound?
a substance containing atoms of two or more DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
92
is a molecule (O2) of oxygen considered a compound?
no because its the same element
93
What is a free radical?
unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive to nearby molecules because of its unpaired electron.
(negativity spreads)
94
What is the significance of the valence (outer) electron shell of an atom?
they determine how a atom will react
95
Define chemical bonds
forces that combine molecules and compounds together
96
What are three general types of chemical bonds?
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
97
define ionic bonds
the force of attraction
98
where are ionic bonds found?
teeth
| bones
99
why are electrolytes important?
they help with water movement
100
define covalent bonds
COMBINED atoms losing or gaining electrons
101
what makes a covalent bond stronger?
The greater the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the stronger the covalent bond
102
what is the most common bond in the body?
covalent
103
True or False; covalent bonds do not break apart when the molecule is dissolved in water.
true
104
Define a nonpolar covalent bond
one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom
Non-polar EQUAL
105
define a Polar covalent bond
sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal – one
atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the other
Polar=stronger
106
Define hydrogen bond
hydrogen bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged
| parts of molecules rather than from sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds
107
Which bond is the weakest of the 3?
Hydrogen
108
Why are hydrogen bonds important?
```
They establish important links between molecules, such as water
molecules, or between different parts of large molecules, such as proteins and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), where they add strength and stability
```
109
When does a chemical reaction happen?
When new bonds form or old bonds break
110
Define energy
the capacity to do work
111
What are the two main forms of energy?
Potential
| Kinetic
112
Define potential energy
Energy STORED
113
DEFINE kinetic energy
the energy of matter in motion
114
Define a synthesis reaction
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
EX: A+B= AB
115
What are synthesis reactions referred to
Anabolism
116
Define decomposition reaction
a molecule splits apart
CATABOLISM
EX: AB = A+B
117
What is a decomposition reaction commonly referred to as?
Catabolism
118
Where can some energy be temporarily stored?
in ATP
| Adenosine triphosphate
119
Define exchange reactions
they consist of both synthesis
| and decomposition reactions.
120
Define reversible reactions
Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different conditions
121
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
122
What are the names of the 2 main classes of compounds found in the body?
Organic and inorganic compounds
123
What are some characteristics of inorganic compounds
Lack carbon; held by ionic or covalent bonds
| Examples include: water (H²O), carbon dioxide (CO²), Bicarbonate (HCO³),and many acids, bases, and salts
124
What does an acid dissociate into?
H+ ions
125
What does a base dissociate into?
OH- ions
| Hydroxide
126
What does a salt dissociate into?
a cation or an anion
| neither of which is H+ or OH-
127
What happens when acids and bases react with each other
they create salts
128
Define organic compounds
- Always contain carbon
- usually contain hydrogen
- ALWAYS have covalent bond
129
What are some examples of organic compounds
- Carbohydrates: sugars, glycogen and starches
| -
130
Define lipids
group of compounds that include triglycerides (fat/oil), phosolipids, steroids, fatty acids, and fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E, K)
131
What do proteins do?
Provide structure, regulate enzyme processes, provide protection, help contract muscles
132
What is the most important inorganic compound in the body?
water
133
What percent of body mass consist of water?
55-60%
134
Define pH
Acid-base balance
135
What makes a solution more acidic?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
135
What makes a solution more acidic?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
136
What makes a solution more basic?
Hydroxide ions (OH-)
137
What is the range of the pH scale
0 to 14
Lower the number the more acidic; higher is more basic
138
What is the pH scale based on?
the number of hydrogen ions in a solution
139
A solution that has more H+ then OH- is considered what and falls where on the pH scale?
Acidic
| pH below 7
140
A solution that has more OH- then H+ is considered to be what? and falls where on the pH cale?
Basic
| Above 7
141
How does the body maintain pH within the limits of homeostasis?
Buffer systems
142
where is the pH of blood maintained at?
7.35 and 7.45
143
What is a buffer?
Maintains pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
144
What are the three main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
145
What two components can cytoplasm be divided into?
Cytosol
| Organelles
146
What is cytosol?
liquid portion of cytoplasm
147
What is organelles?
tiny organs with specific structure and function
148
Define the function of plasma membrane
Flexible but sturdy barrier of the cell
149
What are the three types of lipid molecules
phosolipids (lipids that contain phosphorus)
cholesterol
glycolipids
150
What are the two types of protein in a membrane?
integral
| peripheral
151
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
move some substances in or out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances.
152
What does the lipid portion allow?
transport of water
153
What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?
154
What is meant by selective permeability?
The plasma membrane allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances. This property of membranes is called selective permeability.
155
What is the fluid contained inside body cells called?
Intracellular Fluid (ICF).
156
How much of the body is ICF?
2/3
157
What is the fluid outside of the cell called?
Extracellular Fluid (ECF).
158
The ECF found in the microscopic spaces between cells of the tissues is called ________?
interstitial fluid
159
What is the ECF in blood vessels called?
Plasma
160
What is The difference between high and low concentrations called?
concentration gradient
161
What happens in passive transportation?
kinetic energy moves molecules down their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
162
What happens in Active transportation?
Cellular energy (usually ATP) "pushes" against the concentration gradient (Low to high concentration)
163
What is Osmosis?
passive process
moves water through selective permeability from high water concentration to low water concentration until equilibrium is reached
164
What are two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
| Bulk phase or pinocytosis (cell drinking ECF)
165
What is exocytosis?
the movement of a substance out of the cell
166
What is the key difference between passive and active processes?
```
passive = down concentration gradient
Active = up against concentration gradient
```
167
How does simple diffusion compare to facilitated diffusion?
```
Simple = lipid soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer
facilitated = substances move across the membrane with assistance from ion channels and carriers
```
168
In what ways are endocytosis and exocytosis similar and different?
both transport in vesicles
endo= "eats"
exo = removes waste products
169
Define the function of the nucleus
it is the "brain" of the cell
170
what separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
171
What controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
172
How many chromosomes are within the human body?
46
173
define genome
the total genetic information carried in a cell
174
Define how cells vary in size and shape
size and shape of the cell is important in how the cell functions
175
What is the unit called that measures cells?
Micrometers
176
How is cell shape related to function, give examples
Shape helps carry out the cells function
Ex: Sperm cell = Whip like tail used for locomotion/movement
Red blood cell = disc shape provides large surface area for hemoglobin transportation
spindle shape of a smooth muscle = allows for it to widen or narrow
Nerve cells = long extensions to conduct nerve impulses over long distance
177
What is a polar covalent bond?
Combined atoms unequally sharing electrons
178
What is non polar covalent bonds?
Shared electrons equally
179
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
```
Right hypochondriac
Esophagus
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right illiciac
Hypo
Left illiac
```
Upper:liver, gallbladder, stomach spleen, small intestine and some large
Lower: some of large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs
