Pharyngeal Arches/Tongue

Question 1

When does the pharyngeal apparatus begin to form?

Answer 1

4th week of development

Question 2

What are the parts of the pharyngeal apparatus?

Answer 2

Pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal pouches
Pharyngeal grooves
Pharyngeal membranes

Question 3

What are pharyngeal pouches lined by?

Answer 3

Endoderm

Question 4

What are pharyngeal grooves lined by?

Answer 4

Ectoderm

Question 5

Where does the pharyngeal pouch meet the groove?

Answer 5

Pharyngeal membrane

Question 6

What are the components of the pharyngeal arch?

Answer 6

Aortic arch
Cartilaginous rod
Muscular component
Nerve

Question 7

What does the first pharyngeal arch form?

Answer 7

Maxillary prominence, mandibular prominence

Question 8

What is the pharyngeal arch externally lined with?

Answer 8

Ectoderm

Question 9

What is the pharyngeal arch internally lined with?

Answer 9

Endoderm

Question 10

What is contained within an arch?

Answer 10

Mesenchyme

Question 11

What membrane ruptures and forms the opening from the pharynx to the amniotic cavity?

Answer 11

Oropharyngeal membrane

Question 12

What is the first arch cartilage derivative?

Answer 12

Malleus, incus, and Meckel’s cartilage

Question 13

What is the second arch cartilage derivative?

Answer 13

Stapes, styloid process, and lesser horn of the hyoid bone

Question 14

What is the third arch cartilage derivative?

Answer 14

Body, greater horn of the hyoid bone

Question 15

What is the third and fourth arch derivative?

Answer 15

Epiglottis

Question 16

What is the fourth and sixth arch derivative?

Answer 16

Laryngeal cartilages

Question 17

What innervates the first arch?

Answer 17

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) -> mandibular division

Question 18

What innervates the second arch?

Answer 18

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 19

What innervates the third arch?

Answer 19

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 20

What innervates the fourth and sixth arch?

Answer 20

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 21

What muscles come from the first arch?

Answer 21

Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

Question 22

What muscles come from the second arch?

Answer 22

Muscles of the facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric

Question 23

What muscles come from the third arch?

Answer 23

Stylopharyngeus

Question 24

What muscles come from the fourth arch?

Answer 24

Palato muscles, pharyngeal muscles, cricothyroid

Question 25

What muscles come from the sixth arch?

Answer 25

Laryngeal muscles, inferior pharyngeal constrictor, skeletal muscle of the esophagus

Question 26

What comes from the first pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 26

Tympanic membrane and the pharyngotympanic tube

Question 27

What comes from the second pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 27

Tonsillar fossa

Question 28

What forms when the second pharyngeal pouch is obliterated?

Answer 28

Palatine tonsils

Question 29

What comes from the third pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 29

Inferior parathyroid gland, thymus

Question 30

What comes from the fourth pharyngeal pouch?

Answer 30

Superior part of parathyroid glands, ultimopharyngeal body

Question 31

What comes from the pharyngeal groove?

Answer 31

External auditory meatus

Question 32

In about 50% of individuals, what is a remnant that is present?

Answer 32

Thyroglossal duct

Question 33

What occurs when there is a persistence of the pharyngeal grooves?

Answer 33

Brachial fistula/cyst

Question 34

What is branchial vestiges?

Answer 34

Normally pharyngeal cartilages disappear; remnants of cartilage or bony elements under the skin anterior to the inferior 1/3 of the sternocleidomastoid persist

Question 35

What is ectopic thyroid tissue?

Answer 35

The thyroid gland undergoes a migration from the oral cavity to the neck region. It is common for remnants of thyroid tissue to remain along the course of migration. The parathyroids also undergo a migration and are highly variable in their location

Question 36

What are thyroglossal cysts & sinuses?

Answer 36

Tubular remnant of thyroglossal duct, lies in midline of neck

Question 37

What are the neural crest cells defects?

Answer 37

Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin Sequence, DiGeorge Anomaly, Goldehar syndrome

Question 38

Treacher Collins syndrome

Answer 38

Malformed external ears, downward slanting palpebral fissures, malar/mandibular hypoplasia

Question 39

What is first arch syndrome?

Answer 39

Treacher Collins syndrome

Question 40

What is Pierre Robin Sequence?

Answer 40

Involves first arch Micrignathia Cleft palate External ear defects

Question 41

What is DiGeorge Anomaly?

Answer 41

Involves abnormalities of the heart, parathyroid gland, face, and thymus gland (the degree to which the immune system is affected varies). Affected individuals will have congenital heart disease, unusual facial features with low-set ears, a small receding mandible, wide-set eyes and are born without parathyroid glands

Question 42

What is Goldehar syndrome?

Answer 42

 abnormal development of 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches  characteristic features include microtia, mandibular hypoplasia, microstomia, skin tags and vertebral anomalies

Question 43

What are most of the tongue muscles derived from?

Answer 43

Occipital somites

Question 44

What are the occipital somites accompined with?

Answer 44

Hypoglossal nerve

Question 45

What is the somatic sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 45

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

Question 46

What is the visceral sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 46

Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

Question 47

What is the sensory posterior 1/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 47

Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve CN IX)

Question 48

What does cranial nerve X supply?