Pharynx & Larynx

Question 1

What are functions of the orofacial?

Answer 1

Breathing
Accommodates eating
Smell
Swallowing
Taste
Vocalization

Question 2

The uppermost part of the GI tract is continuous w/

Answer 2

esophagus

Question 3

Where is the nasopharynx located & what does it communicate w/ anteriorly?

Answer 3

Base of the skull to soft palate
Communicates anteriorly w/ posterior nasal aperture (choanae)

Question 4

What are the 6 contents within the nasopharynx?

Answer 4

• Opening of auditory tube
• Choanae
• Torus tubarius
• Salpingopharyngeal fold
• Pharyngeal & tubal tonsils (=ADENOIDS)
• Pharyngeal recess

Question 5

Where is the oropharynx located & what does it communicate w/ anteriorly?

Answer 5

• Soft palate to upper border of epiglottis
• Communicates anteriorly w/ oral cavity through arches of palate

Question 6

What are the 3 contents of the oropharynx?

Answer 6

• arches of the palate
• soft palate & uvula
• Fauces

Question 7

What are the arches of the palate?

Answer 7

Palatoglossal arch (fold)
Palatopharyngeal arch (fold)
Palatine tonsils

Question 8

What muscle is associated w/ the palatoglossal arch & palatopharyngeal arch?

Answer 8

• Palatoglossal arch (fold) –> Palatoglossal muscle is underneath
• Palatopharyngeal arch (fold) –> Over palatopharyngeal muscle

Question 9

Describe fauces

Answer 9

• Content of the oropharynx
• The area where the oral cavity is continuous w/ oral pharynx
• Plane separating oropharynx & laryngopharynx

Question 10

Where is the laryngopharynx located & what does it communicate w/?

Answer 10

• Extends from cranial border of epiglottis to esophagus
• Communicates w/ larynx

Question 11

What are the 4 contents of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 11

• Laryngeal inlet
• Epiglottis
• Piriform recess
• Vallecula

Question 12

What makes up the pharynx?

Answer 12

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 13

Structure of the pharynx from internal to external

Answer 13

Question 14

Where is the fibrous layer of the pharynx visible?

Answer 14

Visible in gap between superior constrictor muscle & base of skull

Question 15

What are the longitudinal & constrictor muscles of the muscular layer of the pharynx?

Answer 15

Longitudinal (more internal) muscles:
- Stylopharyngeus
- Palatopharyngeus
- Salpingopharyngeus

Constrictor (more external) muscles:
- Superior constrictor
- Middle constrictor
- Inferior constrictor

Question 16

Define obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

Answer 16

during sleep, gravity & muscle relaxation allows tongue & surrounding soft tissues to fall back into throat area obstructing air flow

Question 17

___ is created by all 4 tonsil type. What are the 4 tonsil types?

Answer 17

Waldeyer’s ring

Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

Question 18

___ & ___ size & position impacts airway size & ability to be open

Answer 18

tongue & tonsil

Question 19

___ & ___ also assist in elevating & dilating the pharynx along w/ the longitudinal & constrictor muscles

Answer 19

tensor veli palatini (T) & levator veli palatini (L)

Question 20

What does the areolar layer of the pharynx contain?

Answer 20

contains the pharyngeal plexus of nerves & veins

Question 21

Describe the genioglossus muscle

Answer 21

a tongue muscle; helps keep airway open; elevator & dilator of pharynx
- Not a pharyngeal muscle

Question 22

What muscles are elevators & dilators of the pharynx?

Answer 22

Genioglossus m
Suprahyoid & infrahyoid muscle

Question 23

The ___ inferiorly blends w/ fibrous pericardium

Answer 23

Pretracheal/buccopharyngeal fascia:

Question 24

the retropharyngeal space is bounded anteriorly by ___ & posteriorly by ___. It begins at the base of the skull & ends inferiorly at ___

Answer 24

• Bounded anteriorly by pharyngeal constrictor muscles & retropharyngeal fascia & posteriorly by alar fascia
• Begins at base of skull & ends inferiorly at variable point between C6 & T4

Question 25

What are the arteries that go into the pharynx?

Answer 25

ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, maxillary artery, & greater palatine artery

Question 26

CN's that innervate nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx

Answer 26

CN V2 to nasopharynx CN IX to oropharynx CN X to laryngopharynx

Question 27

Pharyngeal plexus receives contributions from

Answer 27

CN V2, CN IX, & X

Question 28

Autonomics for pharyngeal plexus include parasympathetics from ___ & sympathetics from ___

Answer 28

CN X sympathetic trunk

Question 29

Functions of glossopharyngeal nerve in pharynx

Answer 29

- Conveys BP from carotid sinus - Tells us that carotid body has chemoreceptors (O2 deficiency, excess CO2, pH) - Conveys information back to the brain & AP comes along motor branch of glossopharyngeal to activate the stylopharyngeus to open the airway - Sends messages to hypoglossal to protrude the tongue - Secretomotor (parasympathetic) to parotid

Question 30

Vagus nerve provides motor to what muscles in the soft palate & pharynx dilators?

Answer 30

Levator veli palatini Musculus uvulae Palalatoglossus Palatopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus

Question 31

Vagus nerve provides motor to what pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 31

Superior, middle, & inferior

Question 32

Elevators & dilators of the pharynx are innervated by ___, expect: (what 3 muscles aren't & what are they innervated by?)

Answer 32

CN X Genioglossus muscle → CN XII Tensor veli palatini muscle → CN V3 Stylopharyngeus muscle → CN IX

Question 33

Function of larynx

Answer 33

- Act as valve to guard air passage (especially during swallowing) - Protects lower airway - Maintain patent airway - Vocalization

Question 34

4 types of cartilage in the larynx

Answer 34

Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage, arytenoid cartilage

Question 35

name of the 2 cavities surrounding the vocal cords

Answer 35

Supraglottic cavity - area above vocal cords Infraglottic cavity - area below vocal cords

Question 36

What are the 4 intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 36

Posterior cricoarytenoid Thyroarytenoid Vocalis Cricothyroid

Question 37

Function of posterior cricoarytenoid. What happens if it's injured to 1 or both sides?

Answer 37

abducts/opens vocal folds Only laryngeal muscles that abducts vocal cords If paralyzed on both sides, it closes airway (asphyciation/suffocation) Damaged on 1 side = hoarse voice

Question 38

Function of thyroartenoid, vocalis, & cricothyroid. What happens if 1 of them is injured?

Answer 38

- Thyroarytenoid - relaxes/closes - Vocalis - tightens - Cricothyroid - tilts cricoid cartilage on thyroid cartilage & tightens if any of the relaxes/constrictors is damaged, it has no effect b/c there’s other muscles to take over

Question 39

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx innervated by?

Answer 39

recurrent laryngeal nerve, EXCEPT for cricothyroid (it's innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal n.)

Question 40

Gag reflex is due to ? What is the sensory & motor input innervated by?

Answer 40

- due to object placed on surface of posterior ⅓ of tongue or posterior oropharynx in absence of act of swallowing - Sensory input: CN IX - Motor response: CN X

Question 41

define protective reflex

Answer 41

to prevent foreign matter from entering

Question 42

cough reflex involves a reflexive contraction of what muscles?

Answer 42

pharyngeal muscles, diaphragm & external intercostal muscles

Question 43

cough reflex is triggered by stimulation of

Answer 43

sensory nerves in larynx, trachea & larger bronchi (vagus n.) & internal branch of recurrent laryngeal n.