Philo

Question 1

is to think or express oneself in a rational and logical manner. It considers or discusses a matter from a philosophical standpoint

Answer 1

Philosophizing

Question 2

truth is based on the person’s consciousness

Answer 2

In phenomenology,

Question 3

truth is based on exercising choices and personal freedom

Answer 3

In existentialism

Question 4

it is accepted that truth is not absolute

Answer 4

In postmodernism,

Question 5

truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking.

Answer 5

In logic,

Question 6

focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances based on what we are conscious of

Answer 6

Phenomenology

Question 7

he had used the phainomena to refer to the world of experience.

Answer 7

Immanuel Kant
German Philosopher

Question 8

He intended a similar meaning for phainomenon except for the crucial fact that for him, it does not imply a contrast between the appearance and some underlying realities, between the phenomenon and “noumenon” or “thing-in-itself”

Answer 8

Edmund Husserl
Austrian-German Philosopher

Question 9

is a series that continuously revises our perceptions of reality. In this sense, the human mind is conscious of its environment, intentional and directed at a material object or idea. A phenomenologist distinguishes thought processes as it perceives objects of reality.

Answer 9

Phenomenological method

Question 10

Both phenomenology and postmodernism reject _________ and its contributions.

Answer 10

modernity

Question 11

Similar to phenomenology, ____________ draws attention to individual perceptions of what is authentic. Truths are based on what the person makes and not on structures, unqualified truths, or regulations.

Answer 11

postmodernism

Question 12

In sum, what interests phenomenologists are the contents of ___________, not things of the natural world as such.

Answer 12

consciousness

Question 13

concludes that people cannot fully and directly experience the physical world, but we can only see and analyze the consciousness of our minds that perceive the physical world or distinguish the world from the phenomenological position.

Answer 13

Phenomenology

Question 14

is not necessarily a philosophical method but more of an outlook or attitude supported by varied principles centered on shared themes

Answer 14

, existentialism

Question 15

emphasizes the importance of individual choice, regardless of coercion of our beliefs and decisions.

Answer 15

Existentialism, with Sartre,

Question 16

argued that consciousness (being-for-itself) is such that it is always free to choose (though not free not to choose) and free to “negate” (or reject) the give features of the world

Answer 16

Sartre

Question 17

• a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism.

Answer 17

Jean-Paul Sartre

Question 18

rejects the convictions, aspirations, and pretensions of modern Western traditions. Is more of an attitude and a reaction to modernism which is a worldview of order, logic, and authority based on knowledge (Shields 2012)

Answer 18

Postmodernism

Question 19

Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, of mind, and of language.

Answer 19

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 20

In his later works, he argued that language cannot be describe truth.

Answer 20

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question 21

Polish-born, U.S. mathematician and logician. He made fundamental contributions to the fields of mathematics, semantics, and symbolic logic.

Answer 21

Alfred Tarski

Question 22

avoided ambiguities to accomplish the definition of truth (Wilson 2004). He was interested in the logical relationship wherein the truth of a sentence is emphasized (Wilson 2004). Defended, with respect to semantic conception of truth , that far from being abstract, truth is tangible.

Answer 22

Tarski

Question 23

One of _______ purposes is to define truth in a simple way from that of another semantic notion, namely, notion of satisfaction. The notion of truth is not only formally correct but materially adequate as well.

Answer 23

Tarski’s

Question 24

Logic and critical thinking consider these three concepts in interpreting the meaning of facts:

Answer 24

Cultural systems
Values
Beliefs

Question 25

helps us uncover bias and prejudice and become open to new ideas not necessarily in agreement with our previous thoughts. Warnings, pieces of advice, beliefs, or opinions lack a claim that establishes provability.

Answer 25

Critical thinking

Question 26

must present evidence or reasons (Hurley 2011).

Answer 26

A factual claim

Question 27

Two Parts of an Argument

Answer 27

Premises Conclusion

Question 28

statements that claim to present the evidence or reasons.

Answer 28

Premises -

Question 29

The statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply is the

Answer 29

conclusion

Question 30

In general, there are two basic types of reasoning:

Answer 30

Deductive Inductive

Question 31

draws conclusion from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.

Answer 31

Deductive reasoning -

Question 32

is based on observations in order to make generalizations. This means from many specific examples and instances, a person can make a general guess.

Answer 32

2. Inductive reasoning -

Question 33

is a defect in an argument, and to detect it, we examine the content of the argument.

Answer 33

fallacy

Question 34

a specific kind of appeal to emotion that is used by exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt.

Answer 34

Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad misericordiam). -

Question 35

a fallacy following an assumption that whatever has not been proven false must be true, and vice versa.

Answer 35

2. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum ad ignorantiam). -

Question 36

A fallacy when a term or a particular word is used in the same context bust has a different meaning each time.

Answer 36

3. Equivocation -

Question 37

This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.

Answer 37

4. Composition -

Question 38

one reason logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.

Answer 38

5. Division -

Question 39

this fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristics or credentials of the person supporting the premise.

Answer 39

6. Against the person (Argumentum ad hominem) -

Question 40

An argument where strength, coercion, or the threat of force is a justication for a conclusion.

Answer 40

7. Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum) -

Question 41

an argument that appeals or exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity.

Answer 41

8. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum) -

Question 42

Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one.

Answer 42

9. False cause (Post hoc) -

Question 43

one commits errors of one reaches an inductive generalization grounded on inadequate evidence.

Answer 43

10. Hasty generalization -

Question 44

This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.

Answer 44

11. Begging the question (Petitio principii) -