Philosophy Exam 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What does Philosophy mean?
A
Love of wisdom
2
Q
Differences in wisdom vs knowledge
A
W has discernment
You can know something but still not be wise about it
Wisdom invokes/demands change
W requires K, but it must be properly evaluated and used
3
Q
What do philosophers want to do?
A
Discover truth to learn how to live
4
Q
Philosophy is…(3 R’s)
A
Relentless (never satisfied, critique strength of arguments)
Rational (no boundaries except reason, judgment on emotions and religion must be backed by reason)
Reflection (meditative, analytic)
5
Q
Main issue of early philosophical thought
A
the one and the many; reality and appearance; human reality
6
Q
(5) subdivisions of philosophy
A
Metaphysics-theory of reality Epistemology- theory of knowledge Logic- hardwiring of the mind Anthropology-study of human nature Ethics- human moral judgments
7
Q
Says that you can’t say something is A and not A at the same time
A
Law of Noncontradiction (part of Logic)
8
Q
Why was Athens so dominant in Greece?
A
Its democratic government and the Persian wars
9
Q
The most influential leader of the democratic city of Athens in the 5th century BC
A
Pericles
10
Q
stories taught as fact and widely accepted; shape tradition; religious answers to questions through epic poetry
A
Myth
11
Q
Ex. says that if someone is a mother then they have children; deduction and induction
A
Law of Inference (part of Logic)
12
Q
Goes from general to specific
A
Deduction; syllogism
13
Q
Goes from specific to general
A
Induction; ex. observable science, never obtains absolute certainty
14
Q
Errors in reason
A
Fallacies
15
Q
T/F Philosophy is very concerned with how we best organize our lives together
A
T
16
Q
What does philosophy emerge against
A
Against myths of epic poetry; it is more analytic and is dissatisfied with myths based on experiences
17
Q
Examples of myths
A
Homer’s The Illiad and the Odyssey
Hesiod’s Theogony
18
Q
Excellence and virtue
A
Arete
19
Q
Fallacious argument that looks good
A
Sophism
20
Q
Taught rhetoric, claimed to teach others how to make the weak argument the strong one
A
Sophists
21
Q
Principles and practice of persuasive teaching
A
Rhetoric
22
Q
T/F Philo emerges as a critical response to the failing Greek religion
A
T; people start thinking scientifically rather than simply believing myths
23
Q
The collapse of the mythico-religious culture leads to…
A
Skepticism, Relativism, Pluralism, Agnosticism/Atheism, Sophists
24
Q
Said that no reality of knowledge is attainable
A
Skepticism
25
Said that everyone's opinion is true relative to themselves; factual judgments based on objective matters
Relativism
26
T/F Protagoras was an atheist
F, he was a skeptic/agnostic (?)
27
Said that maybe gods are real, but they don't have enough knowledge to claim their reality or not
Agnostics
28
Gnosis
Knowledge
29
T/F Sophists claimed to teach rhetoric
F, they claimed to teach arete (excellence), but actually taught rhetoric
30
"Nature," characteristics of the world or things in general independent of what humans impose on it
Physis
31
Custom or convention; things that are as they are because human beings decide so
Nomos
32
Progression of questions and answers (Socrates); the sort of reasoning that moves from Forms to basic Forms and then the Form of the Good (Plato): **dialogue
Dialectic
33
Holding of views with no adequate reason
Dogmatism
34
Said "I am wiser than no man except in this: I know I am not wise"
Socrates
35
2 things Socrates is compared to
A Gadfly- wants to wake them up with sharp, critical words
| A midwife- helping others give birth to thought; believes its his job to help others understand wisdom
36
Authoritative teaching
Dogmatic; You can't become arrogantly dogmatic to engage in the type of conversations Socrates is having
37
Having no interest; "wishy washy"
Apathy
38
Is Socrates Dogmatic or Apathetic?
Neither, he's in the middle where humility and courage are found; people with Socratic values are neither bc they want to learn and improve opinions
39
What led to Socrates death?
Ticks off people by challenging their assumptions of knowledge --> politicians accuse him of "corrupting the youth of Athens" and charged him with being an atheist --> forced to drink poison (hemlock) and refuses to escape jail bc then what his dissenters said about him thinking he's above the law would be true
40
T/F Socrates is a sophist
Unknown, but more towards false. Sophists say rhetoric are strategies and tactics, Socrates wants to use rhetoric to get knowledge of the truth, S doesn't take money bc he says he knows nothing
41
Proposal-Questions-Difficulties-Proposal-Questions
Plato's Dialectic
42
T/F Socrates claims to know nothing and begs to be instructed
T
43
4 early dialogues from Socrates
1. We ought to search for truth
2. Human excellence is knowledge
3. all wrongdoing is due to ignorance
4. the most important thing is to care for your soul
44
Plato's account of Socrates' trial; Socrates' defense
Apology
45
order of philosophers
Socrates --> Plato --> Aristotle
46
Difference in knowledge and opinion
Knowledge is
47
Which philosopher was most focused on politics and what makes good politics
Plato
48
Said that a good person should be able to live a good life in a good state
Plato
49
3 issues Plato dealt with
1. one and the many (unity and diversity)
2. Change (the prob with it)
3. Appearance vs. reality
50
Opinion vs. Knowledge
Opinion: Changeable, true or false, not backed up by reasons, is result of persuasion
Knowledge: endures or stays put, is always true, is backed up by reasons, is the result of instruction
51
Believed that objects in our physical world change all the time and that if stuff changes how can we have knowledge about it
Plato
52
Plato's version of Form
General term for the objects of knowledge
53
Eidos
Idea/Form
54
Nomos vs. physis
N: morals based on social construct
P: Laws based on natural construct
55
T/F Plato argues that if stuff constantly changes, how can you have knowledge of it?
T
56
Differentiates between the visible and the intelligible (mortal and forms)
The Divided Line
57
T/F The forms, in P's opinion, are much more real than what we can see and touch
T
58
To P, they are what is truly real
The Forms
59
T/F When you get to the end of the Divided Line, what is there will serve as the explanation of everything to the left of it
T
60
What Plato calls "lower forms"
Science
61
In P's opinion, what is the highest form?
The Form of the Good
62
T/F Ultimate form is not responsible for the existence of everything else
F, it is
63
How does Plato use math to argue that senses cannot gain hold on reality, but our minds can
Mathematics; says if you know words (ex. 3 intersecting lines with angles adding up to 180) that make up a triangle, you know what it is without using your senses. Your senses also deceive you because not every triangle you see is actually a triangle
64
Things appear to change and they appear to be independent, but we know all things are not always what they seem. Could it be different? What is this argument based on
Appearance vs. reality
65
Says that if reality is in sense one, what amounts for individual things we encounter?
One and the Many (unity v. diversity)
66
In the cave allegory, what do the people in the cave represent
people who believe that knowledge comes from what we see and hear in the world; people who trust their senses and misunderstand reality
67
In the cave allegory, what do the shadows represent
perceptions of those who believe empirical evidence ensures knowledge. If you believe that what you see should be taken as truth, then you are merely seeing a shadow of the truth
68
In the cave allegory, what does the sun represent?
philosophical truth and knowledge ("the form of the good")
69
Explain the Analogy of the Sun
At first, a person can only see lower forms (reflections of the sun-shadows), but through dialectic, he can see the form of the good itself
70
Explain the Analogy of the Sun
At first, a person can only see lower forms (reflections of the sun-shadows), but through dialectic, he can see the form of the good itself
71
3 ways physical objects relate to forms
Cause, copy, participation
72
Socrates' beliefs on death
Death is a dreamless sleep or we survive death of the body and converse with those previously passed
73
T/F Plato believes the soul is not immortal
F, he believes the soul is immortal
74
Plato's view on the soul
it is a self-mover, a source of activity and motion. Without the soul, the body cannot function. However, the soul and body should be separated to free the soul from its bondage to the body
75
according to P, how does one achieve moral goodness?
By being rather than just doing good; moral goodness is about inner harmony of the soul
76
3 components of the soul
Spirit, Reason, Desire
| In charioteer- Desire: black horse that is hard to control, Spirit: energetic determination, Reason: driver
77
Plato's def. of body
the embodiment of the soul; the soul is the inner self that is temporarily embodied
78
What is Plato's definition of a good state?
One where good people can live good lives
79
**p. 131
About P and A
80
Denies immortality of the soul and ays that they are inseparable
Aristotle; says any object with self-movement has a soul, and when it dies, so does the soul (soul/body dualism)
81
Believes that senses can yield true knowledge
Aristotle
82
Denies the transcendent view of forms, says they are just ideas in the heads of individuals
Aristotle
83
Focuses on logic/observation
Aristotle
84
How Aristotle describes general concepts expressing the way things are manifested
Categories
85
What is fundamental and can exist independently; for Aristotle: the individual things in our experiences
Substance
86
An argument comprising of 2 premises and a conclusion composed of subject-predicate statements
Syllogism
87
Moves from general to specific
Deductive reasoning
88
Moves from specific to general
Inductive reasoning
89
A's 4 causes
Material
Formal
Efficient
Final
90
A's cause about what is stuff made of
Material
91
A's cause about how something is formed (blueprint)
Formal
92
A's cause about what brought the thing into existence and who is responsible
Efficient
93
A's cause about what a thing's intended use is
Final
94
Substance v. Essence
Substance is any individually existing entity and essence is answered by posing the 4 causes
95
A's view on change
Potentiality --> Actuality; if we observe enough, we can see that change is not totally random, it is movement from potentiality to actuality
96
The idea that natural substances are for something
Teleology; telos = goal
97
Practical wisdom
Phroenesis
98
Happiness
Eudaemonia
99
T/F A agrees with P's form of the good
F, he rejects it
100
According to A, when should people not be held responsible for their actions
1. Ignorance
| 2. Compulsion
101
Non passive, purely active source of knowledge and wisdom
Nous
102
Highest good according to A
When the soul conforms with human excellence to create the most complete/best good
103
Best life according to A
Life of contemplation
104
How are the Forms related to physical, sensible objects
Participation, Imitation/Copy, Causation
105
How do we come to know the Forms
Love/Desire/Eros
Dialectic; mystical experience
Recollection
106
3 kinds of souls
Matter (potentiality)
Form (actuality)
The compound of matter and form
