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Philosophy Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Creatio ex nihilo

A

Creation out of nothing

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2
Q

Augustine’s years

A

354-430 AD

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3
Q

Things that occurred between ancient Greece and St. Aug

A 
Christianity
Roman Empire
Council of Nicaea
Stoicism
Epicureanism
Neo-Platonism
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4
Q

What happened at the Council of Nicaea

A

The Trinity Doctrine

Biblical Canon

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5
Q

T/F Both of Augustine’s parents were Christians

A

F; mom was a devout Christian. Dad was a Roman pagan

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6
Q

T/F Augustine started as a student of literature and rhetoric

A

T

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7
Q

Where is Augustine from

A

North Africa (Taagaste)

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8
Q

T/F Augustine was well advanced academically and in his self-control

A

F, he was academically, but he allowed his lusts (eros) control him

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9
Q

Augustine’s Eros (love) becomes

A

Lust

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10
Q

How did Cicero’s writings influence Augustine

A

They spurred him to study philosophy in his free time (seeking smg deeper for his eros with a more gratifying eudaemonia)

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11
Q

What is Augustine’s first reaction upon reading the Bible?

A

He’s unimpressed because it seems uncultured. He doesn’t care for its seemingly anthropomorphic view of God and has a problem with evil

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12
Q

Anthropomorphic

A

Human form

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13
Q

What is the problem of evil?

A

If God is all powerful, all knowing, and good, there can’t be evil bc… so God must not be one of those things

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14
Q

T/F Manichaeans regarded themselves as Christians but were really just a cult

A

T

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15
Q

Said that cosmos is a constant battle between light vs.dark/good vs. evil, dualistic nature

A

Zoroastrianism (Manichaeism)

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16
Q

Explain the dual nature of Manichaeism

A

said that the true self is not material body, you are temporarily embodied. Said that soul is good and to separate soul from flesh you have to get rid of desires to reach eudaemonia

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17
Q

What is the Great Chain of Being?

A

A hierarchy of value

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18
Q

T/F Augustine was a full member of Manicheanism

A

F, he was just a “hearer”

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19
Q

T/F Manicheanism believes there is no omnipotent good power, just 2 opposing powers

A

T

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20
Q

T/F Essentially, in Manicheanism, we are just souls

A

T

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21
Q

Why did Augustine leave Manicheanism?

A

Their beliefs were obscure and he found their leader to be unwise; also no matter how much aescetism he practiced, he still had desires

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22
Q

The key to salvation in Manicheanism

A

Knowledge (didn’t help people’s lives in Aug’s opinion)

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23
Q

What is the ultimate being in Neoplatonism

A

The One (the source of everything else that exists)

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24
Q

What draws Augustine to St. Ambrose

A

At first just his oratorical skills, but then his teachings begin to get to him

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25
Source of evil for Manicheanism
The body (our desire are due to flesh) to get rid of evil, disassociate yourself from your body
26
Denying normalcy/societal norms and legitimate physical goods (ex. lifelong celibacy)
Asceticism (part of Manicheaanism)
27
For Aug., where is the source of sin and evil?
The will (not the body)
28
How does Augustine say he is able to receive God?
By God's grace; God saved him after Augustine worked through intellectual problems and left spiritual ones raw (his intellect could not save him)
29
What is the Bondage of the Will?
the Love of truth and desire for sanctity, but unable to reach it. We need more than just intellect and the law, we need grace
30
3 things Ambrose revealed about Christianity that made Aug.'s conversion partially possible
1. God and soul being immaterial realities (God can be omnipresent) 2. Ambrose wasn't afraid to go to philosophical thought to make Christianity understandable 3. Allegorical interpretations to scripture
31
The Chain of Necessity (broken at Augustine's conversion)
Perversity of the will --> lust (sin) --> habit --> necessity (what is wrong with humans and how it can be cured)
32
T/F For Augustine, wisdom is 1
T
33
Differences in Christianity and Neoplatonism
C: creating out of nothing. If it exists God made it and it is good. N: reality is a chain of being, One being at the top (The One is the top of the chain, but not creator)
34
T/F Aug. uses Neoplatonist thought to some extent
T, For Augustine, The One is God and he is creator (N would say no). Augustine believes that we can make ourselves like God or go lower on the chain depending on how we order our loves
35
List of the chain of being
``` The One (divide here according to Aug.) Angels Humans Animals Plants Rocks Nothing (non-existence) **Being and Value increase as you go up ```
36
What does A say about non-being at the bottom of the chain of being?
If it were to exist, it would be completely evil
37
What is evil in Augustine's opinion?
Privation/absence of the good
38
What is sin in Augustine's opinion?
Disordered loves
39
Augustine's 3 classes of goods
1. Highest good (God) 2. Intermediate good (free will) 3. Lesser goods (not inherently evil, just evil if put ahead of God)
40
Fides Querns Intellectum
Faith Seeking Understanding (humility and surrender lead to faith which leads to truth)
41
What is Plotinus' emanation theory?
Things do not emanate from the One, the One is just the supreme being; AUgistine believes everything emanates from God
42
What does God have to do with Time?
God is eternal (He transcends time even though he can act within time)
43
T/F God is supremely temporal, not just atemporal
T, he is time-full, not just timeless
44
T/F God sees time all at once
T
45
**Read pg. 194 about how Augustine deals with the problem of evil
*
46
What is the root of sin
Pride
47
Cupidity vs. Charity
Cupidity leads to vices (disordered loves) | Charity leads to virtue (ordered loves-directed to God)
48
Augustine started the doctrine of ________ ____
original sin
49
Augustine's 2 cities
``` earthly city (pursues things for worldly pleasures and collapses) Heavenly city (find fulfillment in life to come) ```
50
Goal of A's 2 cities
Peace
51
Years of Aquinas
1225-1274 (Medieval Christendom)
52
Deus est suum Esse
I am; God is the being that he is and no other
53
Who were the Dominicans
a monastic order who took wandering, moving traits of Jesus very seriously (became itinerant preachers)
54
A theological and philosophical method that affirms truth as unity
Scholastic Method
55
How did Aquinas go through his Scholastic Method
one on hand...on the other hand..I say...reply to objection | Cites every valid source to present the best arguments
56
Magister en sacred Regine
Master of the Bible (Aquinas)
57
How universities came to be
Monasteries --> Cathedral schools --> university (one in the many)
58
Veritas
Truth
59
3 levels of Truth
1. Truths that can only be known by divine revelation (ex. trinity...must be revealed by God) 2. Truths than can be known through revelation and reason (ex. God's existence) 3. Truths that can be known via reason alone
60
Aquinas goes with | Augustine goes with
Aristotle (Aq) | Plato (Aug)
61
T/F Aquinas thinks of himself as a philosopher
F, he does not (he thinks philosophers are lovers of wisdom who lack the fullness of wisdom as revealed in Christ)
62
What Aquinas believes about existence and essence
Existence (actuality) and Essence (form) make a package
63
Existence, to Aquinas, is _________
something added
64
What, according to Aquinas, are spiritual beings made of
Pure form and existence
65
T/F To aquinas, existence is necessary
F, therefore there must be an original cause
66
Aristotle's 5 Arguments for the existence of God
1. Argument from Change 2. Efficient Cause 3. Possibility 4. Grades of goodness (levels of perfection) 5. Observation of guidance of nature
67
Aquinas Argument 1
Change | Potentiality --> Actuality
68
Aquinas Argument 2
Efficient Cause | What brings things into existence in the first place
69
Aquinas Argument 3
Possibility Something must exist eternally World doesn't have power to keep itself into being Nothing exists without his knowledge
70
Aquinas Argument 4
Grades of Goodness | Chain of Being (higher on the chain, more value/good/being)
71
Aquinas Argument 5
Observation of Guidance of Nature | Existing things with no intelligence have purpose and were made to do certain things
72
"This is what we call God"
Aquinas
73
3 ways to talk about God's nature and existence according to Aq
1. Via Negativa 2. Via Analogia 3. Eminentia
74
Formed Matter
Hylomorphic
75
Says that we cannot adequately conceptualize the form of God; gives characteristics negatively
Via Negativa
76
Existence vs. Essence basic definitions
Existence: includes judgment (affirming or denying) Essence: what it is (ex. we are humans)
77
T/F God is so transcendent that he is immanent
T
78
T/F God exists, but he exists in a different way than humans do
T, ex. things take up time and space and God does not
79
takes human attributes and uses them to describe God in an analogous state
Via Analogia
80
T/F Concepts we have about God can apply univocally
F, they can only apply analogically bc man and God's attributes' meanings are not the same
81
Puts God to the supreme being
Eminentia
82
What is Aquinas' moral theory about
Virtues which form good habits
83
Habits =
Your disposition
84
What is our creaturely telos?
eudamoniea
85
what is our ultimate telos
receiving divine grace to get Christian virtues (beatitude)
86
What is Natural Moral Law
Acquired virtues (we work for them, are taught them, experience them, choose and do them)
87
Cardinal/Natural Virtues
Prudence (reason and intellect) Fortitude (aligns with free will) Justice (harmony) Temperance (Appetite)
88
Cardinal virtue that is bridge to theological virtues
Prudence
89
Central moral appetite
Prudence
90
List leading to our telos
Phroensis --> choice --> actions --> habits --> character --> telos
91
Supernatural virtues
Faith Hope love
92
Aquinas' best known work
Summa Theologica

Philosophy (4 decks)

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