Philosophy Exam 3

Question 1

When was the Enlightenment? What was it?

Answer 1

18th century, emphasized reason and individualism over tradition

Question 2

What were some of the changes between Aquinas and Kant

Answer 2

Reformation
Separation of Church and State
Renaissance
Birth of Modern Science
Vertical Dualism to Horizontal Dualism 
Theocentric to Anthropocentric

Question 3

T/F Kant said that to determine what is right, you must use reason

Answer 3

T, ex. you can determine right and wrong just by using your intellect

Question 4

Commands you must follow regardless of desires, derived from pure reason

Answer 4

categorical imperatives

Question 5

What is the Critique of Pure Reason

Answer 5

Kant’s first book, published when he was 57. Critique of reason that lays out its structure, limits, and its relationship to objects

Question 6

attempt to get behind knowledge and ask what makes them possible

Answer 6

Critique

Question 7

What is the Critique of Practical Reason?

Answer 7

Kant’s second book that deals with morality and developing ethics

Question 8

prior to experience with the world

Answer 8

a priori

Question 9

after experience with the world

Answer 9

a posteriori

Question 10

reaches back into the activities of the mind and asks how it produces its results

Answer 10

Transcendental

Question 11

Space is the pure intuition that makes ____ possible; _____ is the pure intuition that makes math possible

Answer 11

Geometry

Time

Question 12

Kant’s aspects of the mind

Answer 12

Sensibility, Understanding, Reasoning

Question 13

4 groups of judgements

Answer 13

Analytic a priori (all mothers have a child)
Analytic a posteriori (doesn’t exist)
Synthetic a posteriori (Water is boiling because it reached 100* C)
Synthetic a priori (math and science, “There is a God”)

Question 14

Kant: A judgement is ______ when it can be known to be true without reference to experience

Answer 14

a priori (ex. 2+2=4)

Question 15

Kant: A judgment is ____ when we must appeal to experience to determine its truth or falsity

Answer 15

a posteriori (ex. JFK was assassinated)

Question 16

Kant: A judgement is _____ when its denial yields a contradiction

Answer 16

analytic (ex. every mother has a child)

Question 17

Kant: a judgment is ______ why it does more than simply analyze a concept

Answer 17

synthetic (ex. JFK was assassinated)

Question 18

T/F For Kant, all things that are analytic must be a priori

Answer 18

T

Question 19

2 tests used to distinguish between a priori and a posteriori

Answer 19

necessity
universality
(if anything is either of these it is a priori)

Question 20

T/F Mathematical truths are a priori

Answer 20

T, because they are necessary and universal

Question 21

the presentation of some sensible object to the mind

Answer 21

Intuition

Question 22

T/F space s a pure intuition providing a structure into which all our determinate perceptions must fit

Answer 22

T

Question 23

How are geometry and math possible according to Kant?

Answer 23

Their objects (space and time) are not independent of the mind that knows them, they are pure forms of sensible intuition

**We do not know these things, we can only know what our minds supply in experiencing these things

Question 24

Kant’s general term for the contents of the mind

Answer 24

representation

Question 25

Kant's term for a kind of rule for operating on intuitions

Answer 25

Concept

Question 26

the power to think objects by constructing a representation of them using concepts

Answer 26

Understanding

Question 27

A priori mental capacity by which objects are given in intuition as pure or empirical

Answer 27

Sensibility (passive)

Question 28

something as it is in itself, independent of how it is revealed to us

Answer 28

Noumenon

Question 29

an objects appearance to us

Answer 29

phenomenon (thing as it appears in your mind with human senses)

Question 30

T/F Raw data can tell us what something is on its own (senses)

Answer 30

F, it needs the mind to interpret the data

Question 31

Part of the mind that includes space and time

Answer 31

Sensibility

Question 32

Mental capacity by which objects are thought via concepts pure and empirical

Answer 32

Understanding

Question 33

Filters what the mind brings with experience to experience

Answer 33

Categories of understanding

Question 34

Mental capacity by which we strive to think the unconditioned through pure reason

Answer 34

Reasoning

Question 35

Yielded by sensibility and understanding, tell how things can be different but also the same (ex. apples of different colors)

Answer 35

Concepts

Question 36

T/F According to Kant, our knowledge of the outside world is reality

Answer 36

F, it is a construct because objects conform to our minds

Question 37

How do the 3 aspects of the mind work together?

Answer 37

Sensibility gathers raw data and content --> understanding detects sameness and categorizes objects as a priori and a posteriori --> concepts (where knowledge is truly found) --> Reasoning (God, soul, world) things that cannot be known

Question 38

the pure concepts

Answer 38

categories

Question 39

Regulative Ideas of Pure Reason

Answer 39

God Self/Soul World Where the mind lifts away from the sensory and into new material beyond the physical

Question 40

attempt to understand the fundamental nature of self by rational reflection on what the self must be if experience is to be possible

Answer 40

Rational Psychology

Question 41

Kant and religion

Answer 41

not anti religious, "I have denied knowledge to make room for faith" reason cannot confirm or deny the existence of God

Question 42

in Kant's moral theory, bids us to act in such a way that the maxim of our action should be universally applied

Answer 42

Categorical Imperative

Question 43

What is Pure Reason?

Answer 43

Theoretical Reason, metaphysics

Question 44

critical, transcendental reflection goes with

Answer 44

practical reason

Question 45

T/F Kant says that moral choices must be done in light of a maxim

Answer 45

T

Question 46

T/F Kant agrees with the ontological argument for God

Answer 46

F

Question 47

the only thing good without qualification

Answer 47

The Good Will

Question 48

T/F Because reason gets confused by selfishness, it's not good enough to act on a maxim, you must act on it without any regard (do your duty for duty's sake)

Answer 48

T

Question 49

Deontological argument

Answer 49

Conscious and moral reason is a sufficient motivator to do good (it's a duty)

Question 50

T/F For Kant, maxims are considered good if universal

Answer 50

T

Question 51

Is it wrong to desire happiness as long as it correlates with duty(Kant)

Answer 51

no, but it usually doesn't work like this in the real world

Question 52

3 postulates of moral reason

Answer 52

immortality of the soul God as supreme moral judge freedom

Question 53

T/F For Kant, we are not free to do or not do our own duty

Answer 53

F, we are free

Question 54

Kant's immortality of the soul

Answer 54

being that is born and doesn't die; the concept of "soul" is an empty idea

Question 55

How does Kant relate happiness and virtue?

Answer 55

Under the deontological view, we must make ourselves happy though virtues. In the world we live in, people die virtuous with no wealth and vice versa. Happiness must be found in virtues, not worldly possessions (Being worthy of happiness does not guarantee we will be happy)

Question 56

T/F For Kant, freedom is a practical necessity and a theoretical possibility

Answer 56

T

Question 57

Known as the "Father of existentialism"

Answer 57

Kierkegaard

Question 58

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Answer 58

existentialism (philosophy that comes out of human subjectivity)

Question 59

Kierkegaard's religious upbringing

Answer 59

Danish-Lutheran (doctrinal) and Moravian (pieteous intense form of evangelist emotional conversionist church), went to seminary where he heard watered-down Christianity and decided he wanted to reintroduce authentic Christianity

Question 60

Kierkegaard's big question

Answer 60

What is like to be a Christian in Christendom?

Question 61

The way Kierkegaard writes/talks to his audience to convict them without being distracted by his audience

Answer 61

Indirect Communication

Question 62

What is a pseudonym?

Answer 62

Names under which authors (Kierkegaard) write books so as to not reveal their true identity

Question 63

What is the Either/OR

Answer 63

One of Kierk's books that describes the Aesthetic vs. the Ethical life, the Religious Life

Question 64

Had a great effect on Kierk's writings, was once engaged to be married to her, hints of their relationship are found in his writings

Answer 64

Regine Olsen

Question 65

Characteristics of the Aesthetic Sphere

Answer 65

interesting vs. boring feeling and immediacy telos: the next high looking for pleasure always

Question 66

writer for the Aesthetic sphere

Answer 66

A

Question 67

Manuscript written by "A"

Answer 67

"The Seducer's Diary", the seducer uses her as a means to an end, tells himself he is helping her

Question 68

What is the difference between the aesthetic life and the ethical life?

Answer 68

Choice

Question 69

Writer for Ethical sphere

Answer 69

Judge WIlliam

Question 70

Characteristics of Ethical sphere

Answer 70

"what does it mean to be self?" eternity can only be taught if accompanied by choice/will developments of self required (creating oneself) good vs. evil moral committed relationships

Question 71

2 parts of religious sphere

Answer 71

Religiousness A and religiousness B

Question 72

fictional author of Fear and Trembling

Answer 72

Johannes de Silento, ethical way of life who is intrigued by Abraham

Question 73

withdraws into the interior chambers of the spirit making no claims on anything and asking for nothing worldly

Answer 73

Knight of Infinite Resignation

Question 74

resigns everything, sets himself adrift from the world, but comes back into the world because he finds strength

Answer 74

Knight of Faith

Question 75

T/F Abraham is an example of a Knight of Infinite Resignation and a Knight of Faith

Answer 75

T

Question 76

Teleological suspension of the ethical

Answer 76

when God requires we follow him to do something despite our moral reasoning/beliefs (Ex. Abe sacrificing Isaac)

Question 77

T/F Faith is the highest passion of all

Answer 77

T

Question 78

Types of Despair

Answer 78

Despair of Infinitude: emotions slide into fantasy, don't care about things happening around you Despair of Finitude: lacking possibility, going with the crowd Despair of Defiance: being willing to be oneself vs. wiling to be oneself

Question 79

the name for the state of self opposite despair

Answer 79

Faith

Question 80

Characteristics of Faith

Answer 80

``` Risk Not knowledge passionate inwardness beyond the ethical task for a lifetime ```

Question 81

T/F Living in subjectivity between the riskier the choice and the more intense the passionate inwardness is living in despair

Answer 81

F, truth

Question 82

how does one determine which of the 3 ways of life to follow

Answer 82

Humans but choose without being able to know for certain which is the best one (choice, decision, risk)

Question 83

Which type of despair goes along with the herd mentality?

Answer 83

Despair of Finitude

Question 84

Being oneself, taking responsibility for oneself in accepting the burden of having to be in this existence

Answer 84

authenticity