Philosophy Exam 4 Flashcards by Mattie Clemmons

Belief in many gods (second stage of Hinduism) that personifies nature as life giving elements and the religious relationship becomes with a divine persona who can be angered/pleased

Polytheism

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Moksha means

liberation

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nature-religion that says all things have spirit/soul energy and acknowledge reverence to nature (first stage of Hinduism

Animism

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3 historical stages of Hinduism

Animism
Polytheism
Mystical Monism

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What is the oldest continuous religion?

Hinduism

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Meaning of Santana Dharma

eternal religion (How Hinduism IDs itself)

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T/F Hinduism is polycentric

T, it has no central authority

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5 gods of Hinduism (polytheism stage)

Agni-God of Fire
Dyanspitr- God of the Sky
Brahma- associated with creation 
Vishnu- Preserver God
Shiva- Destruction God 
(last 3 are "holy trinity of Hinduism)

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God of Mystical Monism Hinduism (3rd stage)

Brahman (“ultimate reality”)

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T/F Now that Hinduism is in the third stage, they disregard the “trinity” of the polytheism stage

F, they still talk about the trinity, but they are unified under Brahman who can be interpreted as more personal or less personal

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T/F Hindus believe we are manifestations of Brahman

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What are the 4 things people want according to Hinduism?

Personal Pleasure
Worldly Success
Moral Duty
Moksha

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T/F In Hinduism, lower castes have an equal chance at Moksha as higher castes

F, the higher in the caste system you are, the higher the chance you have at achieving moksha

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The famous historical figure who was revered in Hinduism for his deep spirituality and non-violent political actions which ld to the emancipation of India from British imperial rule? also renamed untouchables harijan

Mahatma Gandhi

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ancient, sacred text of Hinduism written by brahmins, central for jnana path;

Vedas

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4 limitations of worldly success (things people want #2) that cause them to be unsatisfying

They cannot be shared and are competitive
The drive is insatiable
They are not long lasting/they are ephemeral
It centers upon the self

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2 paths of Hinduism

Path of Desire, Path of Renunciation (this comes after people walk the Path of Desire and find it lacking)

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3 things people really want according to Hinduism

Being
Knowledge
Joy

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T/F According to Hinduism, the Infinite which we all seek is not outside of us but within us

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“the god within,” the true self which is one with Brahman according to Hinduism

Atman

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4 yoga paths (hinduism) and what they mean

Jnana: knowledge
Bhakti: Love
Karma: Works/acts
Raja: psychophysical exercises

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T/F Hindus acknowledge Christ as a God-man

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the practice of repeating God’s name to deepen and sustain one’s spiritual awareness; “pray without ceasing”

Japam

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ultimate liberation according to Hinduism

Nirvana

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by nature of reality, the belief that everything we say, think, and do has potential to form us as good or bad; law of cause and effect

Karma

How long can the average mind think about one thing exclusively without distraction according to Smith

3.5 seconds

someone who has entered the final "stage of life" and become the "one who neither hates nor loves anything" and has become a homeless beggar enjoying total freedom

Sannyasin

Double connotation of yoga

to unite and to place under disciplined training

The entire cycle of your soul which continues if you have bad karma, ends when you reach nirvana

Samsara

the idea that the sensory, phenomenal world is like a dream, a psychological construct, or a mental fabrication and that the materiality and multiplicity of the world is not ultimately real

Maya

Hindu stages of life

1. Student 2. Householder (includes marriage) 3. Retirement 4. Sannyasin

Hindu stations of life (caste system)

1. Brahmins (seers) 2. Kshatriyas (administrators) 3. Raishyas (producers) 4. Shundras (followers/servants)

bodily postures taken by raja yoga practioners

Asanas

part of raja yoga that is the final stage, names the state in which the human mind is completely absorbed in God and all of an object's forms fall away, limitless

Samadhi

he moral order of the universe and a code of living that embodies the fundamental principles of law, religion, and duty that governs all

Dharma

"song of the Lord," Hindu writings

Bhagavad-Gita

T/F Hinduism has survived for so long because of its diversity

T, they don't all believe the same thing

T/F Hinduism teaches that the various major world religions are all valid alternate paths to the same goal

T/F Sikhism developed out of Hinduism and uses some of its teachings along with the practices of Judaism

F, doesn't incorporate Jewish teachings

"Buddha" means

Enlightened One

Buddhism's 4 Noble Truths

1. Dukkha-all life is suffering 2. Tanha- Desire causes suffering 3. Nirvana: extinguishing #2 eliminates #1 4. Marga: The 8 fold path

Buddha's 8 Fold Path

1. Right View 2. Right Intention 3. Right Speech 4. Right Action 5. Right Livelihood 6. Right Effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right Concentration (1-2 wisdom, 3-5 conduct, 6-8 meditation)

"Dukkha"

suffering

6 aspects of religion that Buddha critiqued, rejected

1. authority 2. ritual 3. explanation 4. tradition 5. grace 6. mystery

What kind of yoga did Buddha practice

Raja Yoga (?)

Who is Siddhartha Gautama?

The man who discovered Buddhism, became awaked to the world after seeing a sick man, an old man, a corpse, and a monk and then discovered Buddhism

"Enlightenment"

Bodhi, Buddha sat under the Bo Tree and had his Great Awakening

What is the Middle Way?

Buddha's teaching that highlights moderation, between asceticism and indulgence, the way to liberation

the 4 passing sights

1. Sick Man 2. Old Man 3. Corpse 4. Monk

"No self/soul" Buddhist teaching

Anatta

"to blow out, extinguish"

Nirvana

Buddha's first sermon

Deer Park Sermon

T/F Like Hinduism, Buddhism teaches that each human being is an unchangeable soul like the Atman

F, Buddhism teaches "no soul" doctrine

T/F Buddhism rejects the Hindu doctrine of Karma

T, it accepts it

2 main types of Buddhism

1. Theravada/Hinayana: path to independent liberation, earliest form of Buddhism say that only Buddha is Buddha 2. Mahayana: Bodhisattvas are teachers/messengers to teach them how to reach nirvana, everyone can become Buddha

main difference between theravada and mahayana buddhism

compassion

"yana" means

raft or ferry

T/F The spiritual concept or ideal of the perfect disciple in Theravada buddhism

F, this is the belief in Mahayana Buddhism

T/F Mahayana views the Buddha as savior, has elaborate metaphysics, and practices petitionary prayer

T, **SEe chart in notes of both types

T/F Buddhism is a non-theistic religion

"impermanence"(in Buddhism)

Anicca

What does "zazen" mean

meditation

What is a koan?

a problem, ex. what is the sound of one hand clapping? involved in Zen Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism that means "diamond thunderbolt"

Vajra

Type of Buddhism that uses mantras, mandalas, and visualization techniques (tantras)

Vajrayana (Tibetan Tantric)

Type of Buddhism that was influenced by Taoism, the idea of sudden enlightenment, involves zazen and koans

Zen Buddhism

Spiritual and political leader of Tibetan Buddhism

Dalai Lama

Buddhism form that seeks to break through the confinement of religion within rational words and concepts to direct experience of enlightenment

Zen

Buddhism form that argues for the integration of spirituality and sexuality in virtue of the ecstatic or self-transcending character of both

Tibetan

T/F There are numerous Buddhists in every Asian land except India

T/F Both Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation

What does Koran mean

recitation

the root l-s-m in "Islam" means

peace

The name of the city to which Muhammad and his followers migrated to for success

Migrated from Mecca to Medina

What was Muhammad's only miracle

writing the Koran (he wasn't educated)

T/F The Koran is primarily a historical testimony of the great saving deeds of Allah recorded in 3rd person

F, in 1st person and not history or narrative

5 pillars of Islam

1. Shahadah (creed) 2. Canonical Prayer 3. Alms/Charity 4. Fasting/Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

"Zakat"

Alms/Charity

What is the Shahadah?

There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet (the creed of Islam)

How many times daily do Muslims pray?

How does Allah speak to the people?

Only through prophets (they are a mouthpiece for Allah); the Koran is the direct words of Allah (not through historical events like God of Christianity)

Known as the "seal of the prophets" in Islam

Muhammad

4 "prophets" in Islam and what they establish

Abraham: monotheism Moses: 10 commandments Jesus: Golden Rule Muhammad: The Koran

How is Islam fundamentalist?

They believe the Koran is not to be questioned or interpreted because it doesn't reflect the culture or time it was written in bc it is the actual words of Allah; must be written in Arabic to be the true Koran

T/F Islam is a universal religion like Christianity

Islam does not agree with this christian theological concept

The Fall/Original Sin | They do believe in one God, a final judgment day, and the world as God's good creation

What are the 4 basic theological concepts of Islam?

1. God 2. Creation 3. Human Self 4. Day of Judgment

What is Ramadan?

a time when devout Muslims are expected to fast during the day, feast at night

Most basic form of sin in Islam which is "forgetfulness" wherein we forget out gratitude and our divine origin

Ghaflah

What is the Pilgrimage to Mecca known as

The Hajj

Islam means

surrender/submission

original meaning of jihad

exertion (against sin/injustice, in obedience to faith) | also means: holy war

sayings of the prophet Muhammad, a secondary canon in Islam

Hadith

Islamic Law that applies Koranic teachings to culture and can be interpreted differently

Shariah Law

2 types of Muslims

Sunni (Traditionalists) | Shiite

Mystical branch off of Islam

Sufism

Muslim conditions of prayer

5x daily facing Mecca standing--> kneeling --> prostrate --> kneeling --> standing

What do Muslims give to the poor? How often?

2.5 percent of their entire assets; annually

Where is the largest Muslim population?

Indonesia (southeast asia)

Philosophy Exam 4 Flashcards

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