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Linguistics 1111 > Phonetics > Flashcards

Phonetics Flashcards

(101 cards)

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0
Q

Where is the information stored?

A

The grammar

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1
Q

What is linguistics?

A

Scientific study of language

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2
Q

Linguistic Competence

A

What we know about the language and how to use it

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3
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

Rules about “proper” language use

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4
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

Information about how the language is actually used

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5
Q

Ungrammatical

A

No meaning or lacks the intended meaning and is not understand

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6
Q

What is Phonetics?

A

Subdiscipline of linguistics that investigates speech sounds (phones)

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7
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

The physiological mechanics of producing speech sounds

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8
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The physical properties of the sounds waves associated with speech sounds

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9
Q

Segment

A

Individual speech sound

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10
Q

Gestures

A

Features

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11
Q

How do we know segments are real?

2 answers

A
  1. Errors

2. (Relative) Invariance

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12
Q

Vocal Tract

A

A number of passages where speech sounds are produced by pushing air through

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13
Q

The Lungs

Vocal Tract

A

Air source

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14
Q

Vocal Folds, located inside the larynx

Vocal Tract

A

The sound source

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15
Q

Three “filters” that shape the sound produced:

Vocal Tract

A
  1. The pharyngeal cavity
  2. The oral cavity
  3. The nasal cavity
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16
Q

Voicing

A

Controlled by glottal state, the position of the vocal folds in the larynx

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17
Q

Voiceless Sounds

A

Vocal folds are spread apart, air passes through freely

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18
Q

Voiced Sounds

A

Vocal folds are close together, but not pressed tightly the air passes through producing vibrations

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19
Q

Three Major Sound Classes

A
  1. Consonants
  2. Vowels
  3. Glides
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20
Q

Consonants

A

Produced by creating either an obstruction or a constriction in the vocal tract

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21
Q

Non-Syllabic

A

Found at the edges of syllables

Consonants / Glides

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22
Q

What is the durations of:
Consonants?
Vowel?
Glides?

A

Consonants / Glides: Short in duration

Vowels: Long in duration

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23
Q

Vowels

A

Produced with a relatively open vocal tract

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24
Syllabic
Found at the central points of syllables | Vowels
25
Glides | Sound Class
Hybrid category - Characteristics of consonants and vowels
26
Place of Articulation
The point of obstruction or constriction in the vocal tract | Where it's made
27
Manner of Articulation
The air's ability to flow through the vocal tract | How it's made
28
Labial
Using the lips
29
Bilabial
Both lips are used Pay - [p] Bay - [b] May - [m]
30
Dental Sounds
Using the tip or blade of the tongue against or near the teeth
31
Labiodental
Using bottom lip and upper teeth Fast - [f] Vast - [v]
32
Interdental
The tongue blade is placed between the upper and lower teeth | THin / weaTHer - [θ]
33
Alveolar Sounds
``` Using the tip or blade of the tongue against or near alveolar ridge Tip - [t] Dip - [d] Sip - [s] Zip - [z] ```
34
Alveopalatal Sound
``` Placing the tongue blade near the area just behind the alveolar ridge (the alveopalatal area) fiSSion - [ʃ] viSion - [ʒ] CHoke - [tʃ] Joke - [dʒ] ```
35
Palatal Sounds
Placing the tongue body against or near the hard palate | Yes - [j]
36
Velar Sounds
Placing tongue dorsum against or near the velum (soft palate) Cart - [k] Guard - [g]
37
Uvular Sounds
Placing the tongue dorsum against or near the uvula
38
Pharyngeal Sounds
Retract the tongue root, or by constricting the pharynx
39
Glottal Sounds
Sounds made at the glottis; the opening between the vocal fold in larynx h in English - [h] glottal stop - [ʔ]
40
Oral Sound
When the velum is raised, air cannot enter the nasal cavity | Voiced or voiceless
41
Nasal Sound
The velum is lowered, allowing air to enter and flow through nasal cavity; usually voiced suM - [m] suN - [n] suNG - [ŋ]
42
Stops
Complete closure in the oral cavity or at the glottis Pit - [p] Big - [b] Man - [m]
43
Nasal Stops
Complete closure of the oral tract, air escapes through the nose
44
Fricatives
``` Narrowing a portion of the vocal tract, so air can pass through, but turbulence is created Sue - [s] Zoo - [z] SHoe - [ʃ] beiGe - [ʒ] ```
45
Affricates
Like stops, involve complete blockage of oral cavity Like fricatives. closure opens up again, able to produce turbulence noise CHump - [tʃ] Jump - [dʒ]
46
Stridents / Sibilants
Group of noisier segments (fricatives/affricates) | THing - [θ] vs. Sing - [s]
47
Liquids
Produced with less constriction in the vocal tract; usually voiced
48
Rhotics
Produced using a relatively large variety of articulation
49
Laterals
Lowering the sides of the tongue, allowing air to flow around the tongue Late - [l] caLL - [ɫ]
50
Retroflex r
The tip of the tongue is either curled back or bunched back away from the alveolar ridge Red / caR / Ride / siR - [r]
51
Flap / Tap r
The tip of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge and retracts again really rapidly buTTer / waTer / liTTle - [ɽ]
52
Sonourous
``` Liquids and nasals sound more like vowels and consonants; become syllabic liquids/nasals littLE - [l] watER - [r] buttON - [n] prisM - [m] ```
53
Glides | Manner of Articulation
Produced with the least amount of constriction in the vocal tract of all consonants. Short Vowels Yes - [j] Wept - [w]
54
(General) Articulatory Description
Description of how it is articulated that will identify that segment alone
55
Three Part to Articulatory Description
1. Voicing - either voiced or voiceless 2. Place of Articulation 3. Manner of Articulation
56
[p]
Voiceless Bilabial Stop
57
[v]
Voiced Labiodental Fricative
58
[z]
Voiced Alveolar Fricative
59
[tʃ]
Voiceless Alveopalatal Affricate
60
[g]
Voiced Velar Stop
61
[l]
Alveolar Lateral
62
[ɽ]
Alveolar Flap / Tap
63
[j]
Palatal Glide
64
[w]
Labiovelar Glide
65
[m]
Bilabial Nasal
66
[n]
Alveolar Nasal
67
[ŋ]
Velar Nasal
68
Aspiration
Lag or delay before the voicing begins, accompanied by an extra puff of air
69
Tongue Height
Relative height of the tongue body in the mouth
70
Tongue Backness
Relative position of the tongue body in the mouth on a front-back dimension
71
Lip Rounding
Whether the lips must be rounded to produce the vowel
72
Tense Vowels
Require greater tension in vocal tract | Longer in duration
73
Lax Vowels
Does not require much tension in the vocal tract | Shorter duration
74
Simple Vowels
Produced with the tongue in one position for the duration of the vowel sEE - [i] sAW - [ɑ] sUE - [u]
75
Diphthongs
Produced with drastic tongue movement during the production of the vowel sIGH - [aj] sOW - [aw] sOY - [oj]
76
High Vowels
``` Produced with the tongue body relatively high in the mouth sEE - [i] sIt - [ɪ] sUE - [u] sOOt - [ʊ] ```
77
Low Vowels
Produced with the tongue body relatively low in the mouth sAt - [æ] sAW - [ɑ]
78
Mid Vowels
Produced with the tongue body roughly midway up in the mouth sAY - [e] sEt - [ɛ] sEW - [o]
79
Front Vowels
Produced with the tongue body relatively forward in the mouth sUE - [u] sOOt - [ʊ] sEW - [o]
80
Back Vowels
``` Produced with the tongue body relatively far back in the mouth sUE - [u] sOOt - [ʊ] sEW - [o] sAW - [ɑ] ```
81
Rounded Vowels
Produced with rounded lips sUE - [u] sOOt - [ʊ] sEW - [o]
82
Unrounded Vowels
``` Produced without lip rounding sEE - [i] sIt - [ɪ] sAY - [e] sEt - [ɛ] sAW - [ɑ] ```
83
Two Types of Central Vowels
1. Schwa - [ə] | 2. Caret - [ʌ]
84
Caret - [ʌ]
Only occurs in stressed syllables cUt mUd
85
Schwa - [ə]
Occurs only in unstressed syllables; also called a reduced vowel pOtatO celEry
86
Three suprasegmentals or prosodic properties
1. Pitch 2. Loudness 3. Length
87
Intonation
Manipulation of pitch without creating meaningful contrasts
88
A rising or non-terminal intonation contour
Used to indicated incompleteness | Yes/No questions
89
Falling or terminal intonation contour
Used to indicate completeness
90
Tone
Manipulation of pitch to create meaningful contrasts between words
91
Register Tones (Level Tones)
Tones that have a single pitch
92
Contour Tones
Tones that have multiple pitches
93
Pitch Accent
A change in pitch on a particular syllable can be used to indicate a change in meaning
94
Vowels can be lengthened to create a contrast between: | 2 answers
1. Long Vowels - [ː] - [:] | 2. Short Vowels
95
Geminates
Long consonants | Transcribed as double consonants
96
Short Consonants
Singletons
97
Stress
Refers to the relative prominence of a syllable
98
What does stress manipulate? | 3 Answers
1. Pitch 2. Loudness 3. Length (Duration)
99
Stressed Syllables
Vowel of the syllable is higher-pitched, louder and longer
100
Unstressed Syllables
Vowels tend to reduce to schwa - [ə] - but not always

Linguistics 1111 (4 decks)

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