Phylogenetics and Primateology

Question 1

phylogenetics

Answer 1

the study of evolutionary history

Question 2

cladistics

Answer 2

methodology of phylogenetics, fundamental principle is the only correct taxonomy is one that perfectly mirrors evolutionary history, groups taxa using shared derived traits

Question 3

ancestral trait

Answer 3

trait derived from a remote ancestor

Question 4

trait derived from a remote ancestor

Answer 4

ancestral trait

Question 5

trait modified since a remote ancestor

Answer 5

derived traits

Question 6

derived traits

Answer 6

trait modified since a remote ancestor

Question 7

homoplasy

Answer 7

convergent traits that are similar but independently derived, not inherited from a common ancestor

Question 8

convergent traits

Answer 8

homoplasy

Question 9

homology

Answer 9

traits that are similar because of a common descendant

Question 10

traits that are similar because of a common descendant

Answer 10

homology

Question 11

characteristics of primates

Answer 11

arboreal
post-orbital bar
stereoscopic vision
emphasis on vision
reduced prognathism
prehensile hands
opposable thumbs
nails instead of claws
single offspring / long infant dependency
large, complex brains / intelligence
complex social behaviour

Question 12

prognathism

Answer 12

extension of the mandible and/or maxilla outwards from the face

Question 13

Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos

Answer 13

Prosimians

Question 14

Prosimian geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits

Answer 14

Madagascar, Africa, SE Asia
Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos
insectivores, gummivores
nocturnal
quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers

Question 15

Prosimian anatomical features

Answer 15

post-orbital bar
tooth comb
2133
tricuspid molars
partial stereoscopic vision
grooming claw

Question 16

Tarsier geographic region, diet, sleep cycle, and locomotion traits

Answer 16

SE Asia
Insectivore
Nocturnal
quadrupeds: vertical clingers and leapers

Question 17

Tarsier anatomical features

Answer 17

partial post-orbital wall
2133 [upper] / 1133 [lower]
tricuspid molars
grooming claw

Question 18

Spider monkey

Answer 18

New World Monkey

Question 19

New World monkey geographic range

Answer 19

Central and South America

Question 20

New World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

Answer 20

arboreal quadrupeds
full post-orbital wall / partition
Ceboids: 2133; Callithricids: 2132
4 cusps on teeth, but not bilophodont
pronograde
prehensile tail in some Ceboids

Question 21

bilophondont

Answer 21

Having two transverse ridges, as the molar teeth of certain animals.

Question 22

pronograde

Answer 22

Walking with the long axis of the body parallel to the ground. Used of quadrupeds.

Question 23

Macaques

Answer 23

Old World Monkey

Question 24

Old World monkey geographic range

Answer 24

Asia, Africa

Question 25

Old World monkey locomotion, eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

Answer 25

arboreal (but less so than New World) quadrupeds full post-orbital wall 2123 4 cusped molars, bilophondont pronograde most have tails but they are not prehensile

Question 26

list the seven types of Apes (Hominoids)

Answer 26

Gibbon, Siamang, Orangutan, Chimpanzee, Bonobo, Gorilla, Human

Question 27

Hominid eye socket type, dental formula, molar type, posture, and tail

Answer 27

``` full post-orbital wall / partition 2123 addition of hypoconulid cusp large body size: orthograde posture no tail ```

Question 28

hypoconulid

Answer 28

Fifth cusp of molar in primates, the last to be added to the primate family and the first to be eliminated in some individuals http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vNi68aZp874C&pg=PT384&lpg=PT384&dq=hypoconulid+5+cusp&source=bl&ots=mUyJLcPI1N&sig=4hoL7QiHRrwUEff-vW3HFgQazeU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1ZdKUfyBGNGAygHAqIGYBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA

Question 29

advantages of living in groups

Answer 29

predator defence food acquisition reproductive access socialisation

Question 30

disadvantages of living in groups

Answer 30

more conspicuous food competition mate competition energy costs of socialisation and organisation

Question 31

ethology

Answer 31

the study of animal behaviour

Question 32

Ethogram

Answer 32

a dictionary of behaviours for a specific species

Question 33

Focus Animal

Answer 33

an individual animal that you observe and for which you record specific activity

Question 34

How do groups form?

Answer 34

Diet and body size determines the distribution of females around resources, which affects male strategy to get access to females, these interactions form social systems. Males protect territory (both recourses and females) if it is worth the cost.

Question 35

Old World monkey social distribution

Answer 35

``` Multi-Male, Multi-Female •Female philopatry (female bonded) •Male dispersion. •Diverse diet: fruit, leaves, grass, some meat. •Male hierarchy (w/alpha male) •Male-female “friendships” •Moderate dimorphism ```

Question 36

Gibbon & Siamang social structure

Answer 36

``` Monogamous •High cost of locomotion. •Patchy food distribution. •Ripe fruit = 60%, leaves most of rest. •Male grooming female = mate guarding. •Little dimorphism ```

Question 37

Orangutan social hierarchy

Answer 37

``` One-male, multi-female •Primarily solitary with little adult interaction. •Dispersed resources. •Fruit, leaves, bark. •Two male strategies for reproduction. •High degree of dimorphism. ```

Question 38

Gorilla societal hierarchy

Answer 38

``` One-male, multi-female •No predation •Extremely easy access to resources. •THV (terrestrial herbaceous vegetation) •Extreme dimorphism. •Use of infanticide to keep females with strongest male. ```

Question 39

Chimpanzee social hierarchy

Answer 39

``` Multi-male, multi-female •Patchy food distribution. •Ripe fruit, leaves, insects, some meat! •Male philopatry – male coalitions and hierarchy determines mates. •Female dispersion. •Hunting! •Moderate dimorphism. ```

Question 40

Bonobo social hierarchy

Answer 40

``` Mulit-male, multi-female •Both male and female alliances. •Ripe fruit, leaves, some meat. •Larger or stable groups. •Less violence, more sex. •Moderate dimorphism. ```

Question 41

Similarities between chimpanzees and humans

Answer 41

``` –Multi-male, multi-female groups –Male philopatry –Coercive male alliances –Intergroup conflict –Some sexual dimorphism –Consumption of a varied diet – meat –Use of hunting –Building of sleeping locations ```

Question 42

Howler monkey

Answer 42

New World monkey

Question 43

Marmoset

Answer 43

New World monkey

Question 44

Tamarin

Answer 44

New World monkey

Question 45

four types of New World monkeys

Answer 45

Spider monkey, Howler monkey, Marmosets, Tamarins

Question 46

four types of Old World monkeys

Answer 46

Macaques, Baboons, Langurs, Colobus monkeys

Question 47

Baboon

Answer 47

Old World monkey

Question 48

Langur

Answer 48

Old World monkey

Question 49

Colobus monkey

Answer 49

Old World monkey

Question 50

Ape (Homonid) geographic range (excluding humans)

Answer 50

Asia, Africa

Question 51

Gibbon

Answer 51

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 52

Siamang

Answer 52

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 53

Orangutan

Answer 53

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 54

Chimpanzee

Answer 54

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 55

Bonobo

Answer 55

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 56

Gorilla

Answer 56

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 57

Human

Answer 57

Ape (Hominoid)

Question 58

Hominoid vs Hominid

Answer 58

All apes are hominoids; humans and their immediate lineage are hominids