Exam 1 Lessons Learned

Question 1

what are the four forces of Darwinian evolution?

Answer 1

genetic drift, natural selection, gene flow, mutation

Question 2

mutation occurs through what means?

Answer 2

exposure to chemicals or radiation may cause a base substitution or frame shift to either coding or non-coding DNA during cell mitosis or meiosis

Question 3

define: phenotype

Answer 3

The observable morphological, physical, and behavior characteristics of one’s genetic makeup

Question 4

The observable morphological, physical, and behavior characteristics of one’s genetic makeup

Answer 4

phenotype

Question 5

define: evolution in most basic terms

Answer 5

It fundamentally equals change

Question 6

list the necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection to act

Answer 6

variation in a trait, inheritance of the trait, differential fitness

Question 7

the mode of selection in which extremes of a trait are selected against, or “trimmed” from a population

Answer 7

stabilising selection

Question 8

J. Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 8

proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 9

the discontinuation of the perceived relationship among traits in offspring is best explained as

Answer 9

Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment

Question 10

under what conditions does polygyny occur?

Answer 10

in environments where resources are clumped and not evenly distributed

Question 11

what are the four sub-fields or Anthropology?

Answer 11

Archaeology, Social Anthropology, Biological Anthropology, Lingusitics

Question 12

somatic cell division

Answer 12

mitosis

Question 13

a provisional or initial explanation of a given phenomenon

Answer 13

hypothesis

Question 14

to show that the parents are from the same species, an offspring must be able to

Answer 14

have its own children

Question 15

variant of a gene

Answer 15

allele

Question 16

an individual’s genetic code

Answer 16

genotype

Question 17

any random change in DNA

Answer 17

mutation

Question 18

segment of DNA that codes for a protien

Answer 18

gene

Question 19

discovered the first complete Ichthyosaurus skeleton, invented modern naming scheme

Answer 19

Linnaeus

Question 20

developed the theory of acquired characteristics

Answer 20

Lamark

Question 21

founder of modern geology and theory of uniformitarianism

Answer 21

Lyell

Question 22

published Origin of the Species

Answer 22

Darwin

Question 23

Monk botanist that experimented with dominate and recessive gene characteristics

Answer 23

Mendel

Question 24

which two forces decrease variation within populations?

Answer 24

natural selection, genetic drift

Question 25

which two forces increase variation within populations?

Answer 25

mutation, gene flow

Question 26

fitness vs reproductive success?

Answer 26

Fitness is the relative number of alleles an individual contributes to the next generation, maximised by natural selection. Reproductive success is the number of progeny an individual has, optimised by natural selection. These offspring may or may not be properly adapted to pass on their alleles, and so themselves will have varying fitness.

Question 27

fecundity

Answer 27

the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population

Question 28

progeny

Answer 28

offspring

Question 29

Trivers-Willard hypothesis

Answer 29

Differential variation in reproductive success of sexes accounts for dimorphism; if conditions are good, take chances, if conditions are poor play it safe.

Question 30

balanced polymorphism

Answer 30

an equilibrium mixture of homozygotes and heterozygotes maintained by natural selection against both homozygotes

Question 31

advantages and disadvantages of sex

Answer 31

Advantages: introduces novel genes, leads to lots of variation Disadvantages: only transfer 50% of your genetic material, costs of finding or attracting a mate

Question 32

Red Queen Effect

Answer 32

evolutionary hypothesis which proposes that organisms must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate not merely to gain reproductive advantage, but also simply to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing organisms in an ever-changing environment. The Red Queen hypothesis intends to explain two different phenomena: the constant extinction rates as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competing species and the advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals

Question 33

How does food quality effect animal size?

Answer 33

Lower quality diet produces a larger animal, quality in terms of amount of energy availability to the organism per unit

Question 34

Aspects of food resources

Answer 34

Distribution: uniformity, seasonality Quality: high (fruit, meat, sap, seeds), low (stem, leaf, bark, leaves)

Question 35

heterozygote advantage

Answer 35

describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype

Question 36

sexual dimorphism

Answer 36

selection pressures strongly on sex with more variable reproductive success, causing their phenotype to change from that of the opposite sex