phylogeny and classification

Question 1

cladistics

Answer 1

the way we use the characteristics of plants and animals ot figure out how relationships and characteristics evolve throughout time

Question 2

molecular phylogeny

Answer 2

gene sequences and characteristics that are used to make tree

Question 3

what is studied in the evolution of diveristy of life

Answer 3

history oc change

mechanisms of change (comparitve embryology and developmental genetics)

Question 4

what is developmental biolgoy

Answer 4

development from a singular fertilize cell to a full adult and the genes/processes involved

Question 5

phylogenetic tree

Answer 5

tree of relationships

Question 6

monophyletic clade

Answer 6

a single common ancestor included in the group; all descedenets of a common ancestor
(humans and chimps form a clade)

Question 7

paraphyletic clade

Answer 7

groups that do not include all, but some descdenenats of the last common ancestor (reptiles; e.g. birds not included despite sharing common ancestor to crocodiles)

Question 8

polyphyletic clade

Answer 8

groups that have more than one origin

e.g. birds, bats and pterodactysla re groupted together as ‘flying vertebrates’

Question 9

cladogram

Answer 9

only represents the branching pattern and branch order;

but doesnt tell us the time of brancing/evolution information

is more of a hypothesis of evolitionary theory

Question 10

phylogram

Answer 10

shows the information about branch lengths (quantity of evolution) AND branch order

hence the real rerpesentation of evolutionary history and time (of character development)

Question 11

in groups

Answer 11

mammals and frogs are outgroups relative to the ingroup of dinorsaurs but dinosaurs and frogs are outrgorups relative to the ingroup of dinosaurs

Question 12

what do two sistergrousp form

Answer 12

a monophyletic group

Question 13

what methods can we use to recontruct the tree of life

Answer 13

cladistics

molecular phylogeny

phylogenic rescontruction

Question 14

what do changing trees imply

Answer 14

changing evolutionary scenarios

Question 15

why is it important to understand the evolution of characers

Answer 15

as there are continous changes of interpresetations of evolution

Question 16

principle of parismony

Answer 16

choosing the simplest explanation, which requires the fewest assumptions, from a set of equivalent models that depic evolutionary scenarios

preferred hypothesis is the simples

characteristcs shared with a more primitive animal is the primitive state

Question 17

origin of the principle of parsimony

Answer 17

medivieal philosopher william of occam; logical principle

Question 18

symplesiomoprhies

Answer 18

are uniformative; as they are the primitive character
bad characater for defining a gorup

they do not prefer a tree

Question 19

synanomorphies

Answer 19

are informative

shared derived characateristics
they prefer trees

Question 20

how are new groups formed

Answer 20

discovered by characters only presesent in monophyletic group

Question 21

why are shared primitive characterics bad

Answer 21

they dont define groups adn are uninformative

Question 22

example of groups badly defined by shared primitive characterics

Answer 22

1. Reptiles; defined by symplesiomorpheis such as scales and cold blooded; but birds have lost these traits in the archosauria; birds and cocodiles have shared derived characteristics (Extra hole in skull) implying birds are reptiles
2. apes: defined by sympesiomorphies such as hairiness; but hairiness is too broad to define mamals relationsips; instead humans and chimps clsoely related but humans lost traditional ape features

Question 23

aim of phylogentic trees and the principle of parsimony

Answer 23

to find lots of characteristics to find overlaps in overcomming the lack of informationg conercning parsimonous cost

Question 24

why do we use molecular phylogeny

Answer 24

more accurate and sometimes morphological characterstics disagree

principle of pasrimony can also be applied to nucleoid genes

Question 25

how does gene inheritance help in constructing trees

Answer 25

dna provides information

Question 26

example of molecular data revealing information between groups

Answer 26

choanoflagellates are the closest relative to animals: - gene fusion supports their close relationshio - EGF and TK genes exist across all life but only metazoans and choanoflagalltes have a fused version of this gene that places them in a clade

Question 27

example of where gene expression matters

Answer 27

HRP antibody (the horse radish peroxidase gene) only binds to a gene product in the nervous system of ecdysozoa

Question 28

molecular phylenies determien other genetic characters like

Answer 28

1. Elongation factor one alpha gene is preserved in all life; the gene has slowly evolve and varies in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria which allows for out groups and ingrousp to be eaily located for example: both animals and fungi have extra amino acids in this gene; shows a molecular synacromorphy

Question 29

examples of reclassification

Answer 29

spiral cleavage + bilateraly symmetry ecihnodrms have gained and lost bilateral symmetry the annelids have gained spiral cleaves in the the mesoderm

Question 30

what do changes in minctonrdial gene order tlel us

Answer 30

supports insect and crustacean relationships

Question 31

classification mneonimic

Answer 31

kindly put candy out for good students

Question 32

classification linnear system

Answer 32

``` life domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```

Question 33

classification order of humans

Answer 33

``` life domain : eukarya kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata; vertebrata class : mammalia order: primate family: hominidae genus: homo species: sapiens ```

Question 34

legs evolution

Answer 34

- legs evolved in a transition between fish and tetrapods we know jaws evolved before legs

Question 35

fish and bird limb evolution

Answer 35

fish and bird limbs start similary in early embryos but end up differnet in adults both have similar limb buds: gene Tbx 5 switched on in the forelimbs/hindlimbs of tetrapods and in the pectoral and pelvin fin of sih early in development genes guided in later development manipulated stem cells in fish and bird differently

Question 36

embryonic development

Answer 36

process of change between first cell ana dult; animals different due to different modes of embryonic developmen

Question 37

embryogenesis

Answer 37

new morphologies evolve by changes in embryogenesis 1. all animals start as undifferetiated unfertiilziied egg cells 2. cell divisionc auses changes in animals apperances and properties 3. final produce resutls in a differed state of development so while embryos might be similar; different adults result hence another mechanism and history of change

Question 38

what do nonmorphological characteristics evolve to

Answer 38

behaviour

Question 39

example of behavioural evolution

Answer 39

snails tentacles pulsate similar to a capterpillar hence the Drigenia Flatworm Parasite has develoepd a dual life cycle that they infect a snail and mgirate to its tentacle to make it pulsate like a caterpillar this results in a bird eating the snail thinking its a caterpillar and consumign the flatworm shows evolution of behaviour change