Phys I

Question 1

Any stimulus creating an imbalance in internal environment

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

Degree of effectiveness with. Which control system maintains constant conditions

Answer 2

Gain

Question 3

Add 2 L of blood to uncontrolled and to controlled system and measure how much pressure rises. Unncontrolled pressure 100 –> 175. Controlled pressure 100 –»> 125. Whats the gain of this system?

Answer 3

Correction= 175-125= 50, error= 25, gain= 2

Question 4

Saltatory conduction is characteristic of which part of typical neuron?

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

Which band of sarcolemma does NOT shorten during muscle contraction?

Answer 5

A band (length of myosin bundle fibers)

Question 6

What type of muscle. Has T tubule along Z line and therefore only 1 cisterna per t tubule (forming dyad with SR)

Answer 6

Cardiac muscle fibers

Question 7

What type of muscle fiber has T tubules at ends of thick filaments (2 cisternae per t tubule forming triad with SR)

Answer 7

Skeletal

Question 8

What phase of cardiac action potential is resting potential

Answer 8

Phase 4

Question 9

What phase of cardiac muscle action potential forms a plateau or slow decline of membrane potential

Answer 9

Phase 2

Question 10

Cardiac. Fast action potentials are due to. Conductance that relies on __ dependent ion channels

Answer 10

Voltage

Question 11

Cardiac slow action potentials have an upstroke phase which is due to leakage of what ion

Answer 11

Calcium

Question 12

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume = what

Answer 12

Stroke volume

Question 13

How do you calculate ejection fraction

Answer 13

Stroke volume/ end diastolic volume

Question 14

Direction of lead I (left arm to right arm)

Answer 14

0 degrees

Question 15

Direction of lead II (right arm to left leg)

Answer 15

60 degrees

Question 16

Direction of lead III (left arm to left leg)

Answer 16

120 degrees

Question 17

What happens to ECG during SA block

Answer 17

Loss of P wave

Question 18

What happens to ECG during complete AV block

Answer 18

Lots of P waves, most are not followed by QRS complex

Question 19

How can you tell the difference in an ECG between tachycardia and atrial fibrillation

Answer 19

Tachycardia still contains normal P waves between QRS complex, A fib does not

Question 20

Biggest pressure drop in circulatory system occurs where

Answer 20

Arterioles

Question 21

From large arteries to veins what is the pressure drop

Answer 21

120 mmHG

Question 22

What percent of blood is in systemic circulation at any time

Answer 22

84%

Question 23

What % of systemic circulation is found in the veins at any given time

Answer 23

64%

Question 24

Term for increase in volume divided by increase in pressure (quantity of blood that can be stored in circulation for each mmHg rise in pressure)

Answer 24

Vascular compliance

Question 25

A vein is 8 times more distensible with. 3 times more volume. How would its compliance compare. To that of the. Corresponding artery?

Answer 25

24x as compliant

Question 26

Mean circulatory filling pressure is ___ mmHg when blood volume is 4. L and ___ mmHg when blood volume is the normal 5 L

Answer 26

0, 7

Question 27

Veinous return goes to zero when right atrial pressure is equal to what

Answer 27

Mean systemic filling pressure

Question 28

Kidneys receive what percent of cardiac output

Answer 28

22%

Question 29

Term describing. Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces acting across capillary membrane in kidney

Answer 29

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 30

Normal glomerular filtration rate

Answer 30

125 mL/min or 180 L/day

Question 31

What pressure component has greatest effect on increasing glomerular filtration rate

Answer 31

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (Pg)

Question 32

Most of glucose is absorbed in ___ at SGLT2 transporters on brush border

Answer 32

early Proximal tubule

Question 33

What area of nephron has lots of mitochondria, extensive brush border, and lots of channels

Answer 33

Proximal tubule

Question 34

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by acting on ___ of cortical collecting ducts.

Answer 34

Aldosterone, principal cells

Question 35

These cells resorb Na and water and secrete K into tubular lumen

Answer 35

Principal cells

Question 36

These cells resorb K and secrete H into tubular lumen

Answer 36

Intercalated

Question 37

___ buffer system essential for buffering blood and ___ is more essential in kidney

Answer 37

Bicarb, phosphate

Question 38

Acidosis. Occurs. When ratio of bicarb. To CO2. In extracellular fluid decreases. Its ___ acidosis if it occurs due to decrease in bicarb ion and __ acidosis if due to increase in CO2

Answer 38

Metabolic, respiratory

Question 39

Alkalosis that is due to decrease in CO2 concentration (because of hyperventilation)

Answer 39

Respiratory

Question 40

Alkalosis that is due to rise in bicarb concentration

Answer 40

Metabolic

Question 41

Amount of air brought into and out of air at rest (normal is 500 mL0

Answer 41

Tidal volume

Question 42

Volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

Answer 42

Residual volume

Question 43

Difference. Between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure (determines how effective lungs are functioning)

Answer 43

Transpulmonary. Pressure

Question 44

Humidification of air would __ partial pressure of other gases in alveoli

Answer 44

Reduce

Question 45

What do we call ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary capillary blood flow (perfusion)

Answer 45

Va/Q ratio

Question 46

Va/Q = 0 when what condition is present

Answer 46

Airway obstruction

Question 47

Va/Q= infinity when what condition is present

Answer 47

Vascular obstruction

Question 48

1 gram of hemoglobin can bind how much O2

Answer 48

1.34 mL

Question 49

Percentage of blood that gives up its oxygen to the tissues is __ at rest and is called utilization coefficient

Answer 49

25%

Question 50

How much CO2 is transported in blood as carbonic acid (requiring carbonic anhydrase)

Answer 50

70%

Question 51

7 % of CO2 is dissolved in blood , 70% is transported as carbonic acid and the rest is transported as what

Answer 51

Carbamino hemoglobin

Question 52

What respiratory center initiates phrenic n. Activity to establish ramp signal

Answer 52

Dorsal respiratory group

Question 53

What respiratory group contains the pneumotaxic center

Answer 53

Pontine

Question 54

Which respiratory center mainly controls rate and depth of breathing

Answer 54

Pontine (pneumotaxic center)