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physical changes Flashcards

(46 cards)

1
Q

How many electrons can fit on the third shell?

A

18

The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by the formula 2n², where n is the shell number.

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2
Q

How is the periodic table arranged?

A

In order of atomic number

The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.

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3
Q

What are groups on the periodic table called?

A

The columns

Groups contain elements with similar chemical properties.

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4
Q

What are the rows on the periodic table called?

A

The periods

Each period corresponds to the number of electron shells in the elements.

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5
Q

What does the group number tell you about an atom of an element in that group?

A

The number of electrons on the outer shell

This affects the chemical behavior of the element.

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6
Q

What does the period tell you about an atom of an element in that group?

A

The number of shells the atom has

This indicates the energy levels of the electrons.

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7
Q

What is meant by a physical change?

A

When the particles rearrange but no new chemicals are formed

Physical changes are usually reversible.

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8
Q

Give two examples of physical changes.

A
  • Changes of state (e.g., melting or boiling)
  • Separating mixtures (e.g., filtration, distillation)

These processes alter the form of a substance but not its chemical composition.

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9
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A reaction where a new substance is made

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms.

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10
Q

What is a solution?

A

Formed when a solid dissolves in a liquid

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.

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11
Q

What is a solute?

A

The solid that dissolves in a liquid

In a solution, the solute is present in a lesser amount.

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12
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid a solid dissolves into

Solvents are typically present in greater amounts in a solution.

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13
Q

What word do we use to describe how easily a solute dissolves?

A

Solubility

Solubility can vary based on temperature and pressure.

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14
Q

What affects the solubility of a solid?

A

Temperature

Generally, higher temperatures increase solubility.

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15
Q

How does temperature affect the solubility of a solid?

A

The higher the temperature, the greater the solubility

This is particularly true for most solid solutes in liquid solvents.

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16
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

One in which more solute cannot dissolve

A saturated solution has reached its maximum solute capacity at a given temperature.

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17
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When liquid turns to a gas at the surface of a liquid

Evaporation occurs at any temperature.

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18
Q

Give 3 ways evaporation is different from boiling.

A
  • Happens at any temperature
  • Only happens at the surface of the liquid
  • No bubbles of gas are seen

Boiling occurs at a specific temperature and throughout the liquid.

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19
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest piece of an element

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.

20
Q

What is an Element?

A

Substance made of 1 type of atom. Listed on the Periodic Table

Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

21
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Substance made of 2 or more elements chemically joined

Compounds have different properties than the elements that form them.

22
Q

What is meant by pure?

A

Substance made of 1 type of particle

A pure substance cannot be separated into other materials by physical means.

23
Q

What is meant by a mixture?

A

Two or more different particles not chemically joined in a space e.g. salt water, air

Mixtures can be separated by physical means.

24
Q

What is meant by a Molecule?

A

Particle made of more than one atom chemically joined. The elements are usually non-metals

Molecules can consist of the same or different types of atoms.

25
What is meant by a Particle?
General name for any small piece of matter. Can be atoms or molecules (or ions) ## Footnote Particles are the smallest units of substances.
26
What is the Periodic Table?
List of all known elements with their symbols ## Footnote The Periodic Table organizes elements based on their atomic number and properties.
27
What is meant by a Formula?
How chemists show the combination of elements in a particle e.g. CuSO4 or NaCl ## Footnote Formulas represent the ratio of elements in a compound.
28
How do the properties of a compound relate to the elements they are made from?
There is no relationship - compounds can have very different properties from the elements they are made from ## Footnote This is due to the chemical bonds and interactions that occur in compounds.
29
What are the components of an atom?
Electron, Neutron, Proton, Nucleus ## Footnote Electrons are negatively charged, neutrons have no charge, and protons are positively charged.
30
What is the mass of a proton?
1 ## Footnote Protons have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
31
What is the mass of a neutron?
1 ## Footnote Neutrons also have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
32
What is the mass of an electron?
Nearly zero ## Footnote Electrons have a very small mass compared to protons and neutrons.
33
What is the charge of a proton?
+1 ## Footnote Protons carry a positive electrical charge.
34
What is the charge of a neutron?
0 ## Footnote Neutrons are neutral and do not have an electric charge.
35
What is the charge of an electron?
-1 ## Footnote Electrons carry a negative electrical charge.
36
What is between the shells of electrons?
Nothing ## Footnote The space between electron shells is a vacuum.
37
How do we calculate the mass number of an atom?
Number of protons + number of neutrons ## Footnote The mass number reflects the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
38
How do we calculate the atomic number of an atom?
Number of protons ## Footnote The atomic number determines the identity of an element.
39
How does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons in an atom?
They are the same ## Footnote This balance ensures that the atom is electrically neutral.
40
How many electrons can fit on the first shell?
2 ## Footnote The first electron shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.
41
How many electrons can fit on the second shell?
8 ## Footnote The second electron shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
42
what is a compound?
a substance made of two or more atoms chemically joined
43
what is a pure substance
a substance made of one type of molecule
44
what is a molecule
a molecule is a particle made of more than one type of atom chemically joined together they are usually non metals with weak forces of attraction against them
45
what does the top number represent in the periodic table
the mass number
46
what is in the nucleus?
the protons