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MCAT > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

types of heat transfer

A
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiaton
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2
Q

Radiation heat transfer consists of

A

heat transfer due to electromagnetic waves

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3
Q

conduction heat transfer consists of

A

heat transfer due to direct contact

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4
Q

Conduction heat transfer consists of

A

heat transfer due to bulk flow movement.

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5
Q

Pressure at a given depth is called

A

hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

Gases and Liquids are what kind of material?

A

Liquids

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7
Q

Density definition

A

Mass/volume

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8
Q

density of water is what?

A

1 g/mL = 1 g/cm^3 = 1 kg/L

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9
Q

Define specific Gravity

A

density of some liquid / density of water.

specific gravity = density of liqid/density of water

specific gravity of water is 1

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10
Q

Archimedes principle: define

A

the buoyant force on an object= weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Fb= weight displaced= ( mass displaced)(g) = ( density of fluid)(Volume submerged)(g)

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11
Q

What are the situations when comparing Fb to Weight such that it will float, sink or rise upward.

A

when FB = W , the object will float

when FB > W, the object will rise upward

when FB < W, the object will sink

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12
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

if you apply pressure on a liquid, the pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the liquid ( this is called pascal’s law)

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13
Q

Gauge Pressure

A

pgh because it igmore the atmosphereic pressure above the fluid….. it measures the amount of pressure beneath the surface.

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14
Q

Absolute pressure

A

is basically the pressure of something submerged in the ocean = pgh + atmospheric pressure
Pabs=Po + pgh

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15
Q

Continuity Equation

A

A*V=constant.

volume rate of a fluid is constant.

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16
Q

Surface tension is caused by what?

A

due to the attraction between molecules of the solvent.

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17
Q

Surface tension is caused by what?

A

due to the attraction between molecules of the solvent.

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18
Q

Stress definition

A

pressure exerted on an object F/A

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19
Q

Strain definition

A

the deformation of the object in the direction of the applied force divided by the original length
strain = Change in length/ inital length

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20
Q

Thermal expansion coefficient

A

alpha

when objects are cooled down or expanded, the object changes shape.

change in length = aloha * inital length * change in temperature.

MNEUMONIC + looks like alot

Chnage in volume Beta = 3* alpha

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21
Q

what do liquids and solids share in common and that seperates gases?

A

solids and liquids= incompressible

gases= compressible.

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22
Q

Adiabatic means what

A
  • no heat transfer therefore it affects the internal temperature.

words to look for : quickly and rapidly

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23
Q

in an adiabatic compresion, temperature will…

A

increase

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24
Q

in an adiabatic expansion, temperature will

A

decrease

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25
Q

If the image is at infinity , then where is object

A

the object is at the focal length ,f

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26
Q

what is the formula for pressure and its units

A

Pressure = force / area

N/m^2 = pascal

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27
Q

Absolute pressure

A

P=P0+ pgauge

Po is not always 1 atm, it depends on the system

Pgauge= P-Patm = ( Po+pgz) - Patm

when Po=Patm

that is only when Pgauge = pgz

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28
Q

Absolute pressure aka hydrostatic pressure

A

P=P0+ pgauge

Po is not always 1 atm, it depends on the system

Pgauge= P-Patm = ( Po+pgz) - Patm

when Po=Patm

that is only when Pgauge = pgz

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29
Q

the specific gravity will indicate how much of the object is submerged

A

example if the specific gravity is 0.92 that means 92 % of the object is submerged under the water.
Papple/pwater = 0.92

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30
Q

Apparent weight in fluids

A

Fg-Fb= apparent weight in newtons

Force by gravity - force by bouyancy

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31
Q

Viscosity

A

unit in pascal seconds

  • measure of internal resistance
  • how resistance
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32
Q

Viscosity

A

unit in pascal seconds

  • measure of internal resistance
  • how resistance to flow is something

honey is the most viscous
- THINK DRAG IN FLUID

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33
Q

Flow rate definition

A

volume per second

this is a constant for a closed system and is independent of changes in a cross sectional area

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34
Q

Efficency definition

A

= ( Work out )/Work in
= ( Load * Load distance)/(Effort*effort distance)

Example - a pulley needs to be raised 3 meters who has a 10 N load there are 2 pulleys. the machine is 50 percent efficient.

effort distance - 2 pulleys * 3 = 6 m

solve for effort!

0.5 = ( 10*3)/( efffort * 6)

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35
Q

Efficency definition

A

= ( Work out )/Work in
= ( Load * Load distance)/(Effort*effort distance)

Example - a pulley needs to be raised 3 meters who has a 10 N load there are 2 pulleys. the machine is 50 percent efficient.

effort distance - 2 pulleys * 3 = 6 m

solve for effort!

0.5 = ( 10*3)/( efffort * 6)

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36
Q

bernouili equation

A

P1+1/2pmv^2+ pgh=P2+1/2pmv^2+ pgh=

P+pgh= static pressure
1/2 pv^2 = dymanic presure

if static pressure increases, then dynamic pressure decreases and vice verda.
P1 = energy density… Increase pressure therefore increase energy

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37
Q

speed of sound is what

A

343 m/s

and it changes as it travels though different mediums.
it travels fastest through solid –> liqiud and slowest in gas.

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38
Q

density defintion

A

mass/volume

1g/cm^3 = 1000 kg/m^3

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39
Q

Lyman series is what

A

lower in wavelength but INCREASE frequnecy …. ultraviolet

it goes down to n=1

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40
Q

Balmer series goes down to what orbiral level

A

n=2 COLOR ( partially visible)

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41
Q

If a test charge is positive (+) what direction is the force and the Electric field?

A

Force and the electric field are in the same direction

F=qE

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42
Q

If a test charge is negative, what direction is the force and the electric field?

A

Force and the electric field is in opposite directions

F=qE.

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43
Q

Force on a moving charge equation

A

Fb= qVBsin(theta)

Fb=ILBsin(theta) on a wire0

Use the right hand rule ..

Thumb = velocity
Finger = lines
Palm=force
Back of palm is used for negative charge

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44
Q

Magnetic Fields equation for a straight long wire

A

B= ( Uo I)/(2Pir)

Unit is tesla

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45
Q

Magnetic fields equation for a loop of current carrying wire

A

B= ( Uo* I ) / ( 2r)

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46
Q

magnetic field unit

A

T = tesla = Ns/MC =

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47
Q

Electric potential

A

positive test charge will move spontaneously from high potential to low potential.

Negative test charge will spontaneously move from low potential to high potential.

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48
Q

Poiseuille law

A

Q= ( pi r^4 delta P)/ ( 8nL)

flow rate is directly prrportional to change in pressure and radius to the 4th power

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49
Q

When a critical speed is exceeded what happens?

A

flow becomes turbulence and it forms eddies

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50
Q

when critical speed is not exceeded what happens

A

flow is laminiar

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51
Q

Specific gravity indicates the percent of volume is submerged

A

Example 0.92 specific gravity = 92 % of its volume is submerged

therefore any object whose specific gravity is less than 1 will float in water

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52
Q

Specific gravity indicates the percent of volume is submerged

A

Example 0.92 specific gravity = 92 % of its volume is submerged

therefore any object whose specific gravity is less than 1 will float in water

53
Q

aA + bB -> cC + dD what is the rate

A

rate = k(A)^x * B^y

x and y are determined experimentally only

54
Q

Mechanical advantage defintion

A

ratio of output force generated given a particular input force

55
Q

Efficiency -

A

ratio of useful work performed by a system compared to work performed on a system.
= work out/work in = ( loadload distance)/( efforteffort distance)

56
Q

dispersion of light

A

dispersion involves the breaking up of polychromatic light into its components

if light is monochromatic and it enters through a prism, refraction happens.

57
Q

Pascal’s principle

A

pressure will remain constant - force adn area will change to accomodate
P=Force / Area

58
Q

current = charge /time

A

max charge = current * time

59
Q

It=nF

A

MNeumonic “ it is enough already- no more plating”

F= faradays’ constant = 96000
n- moles plated
I= current
t=time

max copper lating will need max time and current

60
Q

Disproportionation reaction

A

When reactant and product have different oxidation state.
Cl2+h20 –> HOCl + Cl - + H+

Cl 0 —> Cl +1 and Cl -

No element appeaks with different oxidation state in 2 products see chapter 11 chem in kaplan q12 discrete questions.

61
Q

Disproportionation reaction

A

When reactant and product have different oxidation state.
Cl2+h20 –> HOCl + Cl - + H+

Cl 0 —> Cl +1 and Cl -

No element appeaks with different oxidation state in 2 products see chapter 11 chem in kaplan q12 discrete questions.

62
Q

0 ordered reaction

aA + bB –> cC + dD

A

rate = k[A^0][B^0] = k

k has units of M/s

  • not concentration dependent - only temperature and addition of a catalyst important
63
Q

First ordered reaction

aA + bB –> cC + dD

A

rate = k[A^1]
or rate =k[B^1]

k has units of s^-1 ‘
Example: radioactive substance

Ln (A) vs t graph has a negative slope

64
Q

First ordered reaction

aA + bB –> cC + dD

A

rate = k[A^1] [B^1]
or rate =k[B^2] or rate = k[A^2]

k= has units M^-1 s^-1

1/A vs t slope is positive

65
Q

A long straight wire carries a current toward the top of the page. A proton moves with velocity 2x10^4 towards bottom of the page and to the left of the wire. The magnetic force on the proton is.:

A. Out of page
B. Into Page
C. Toward the left
D. Toward the right

A

o o || xx
oo || xx
o o || xx

first figure out the B field.
Next do F=qvbsin(theta)

B into page, V=down.. use thumb, index and middle fingers all perpendicular and you will see the F is LEFT therefore the correct answer is C.

66
Q

A long straight wire carries a current toward the top of the page. A proton moves with velocity 2x10^4 towards bottom of the page and to the left of the wire. The magnetic force on the proton is.:

A. Out of page
B. Into Page
C. Toward the left
D. Toward the right

A

o o || xx
oo || xx
o o || xx

first figure out the B field.
Next do F=qvbsin(theta)

B into page, V=down.. use thumb, index and middle fingers all perpendicular and you will see the F is LEFT therefore the correct answer is C. \

67
Q

One side open one side closed pipe n=

A

n= odd harmonic
3rd resonande = 5th harmonic

n=1,3,5

68
Q

open both sides wipe

A

n=1,2,3

69
Q

Need to know actual mass to figure out half life

A

1 -> 1/2 —-> 1/4 —> etc etc

70
Q

How do beta and gamma radiation differ?

A

Gamma radiation - high energy photon lacking charge

beta radiation = electron
electron will get deflected by a magnetic/electric field because it is charged.

Gamma radiation - uncharged therefore no deflection with the magnetic / electric field.

71
Q

N=c/v

A

n1 sin theta 1 = n2sin theta 2

when going from low index of refraction to high index of refraction the light ray bends towards the normal when entering the glass.

think about a higher index of refraction as a more viscous substance. N2>n1 therefore theta 2 < theta 1

When going from high index of refraction to low index of refraction, bend away from the normal. n2< n1 and theta 2 > theta 1.

72
Q

vertical velocity determines the time of flight

A

if two projectile leave the earth with the same vertical velocity, they will land at the same time regardless of their horizontal velocity.

73
Q

does mass affect projectile motion?

A

NO mass does not affect projectile motion assuming there is no air resistance.

74
Q

when presented with force, think accerlation and when presented with acceleration, think force

A

force = mass* acceleration

75
Q

what are the 4 types of forces?

A
  • strong nuclear force
  • weak nuclear force
  • gravitational force
  • electromagnetic force
76
Q

if something is rotational equilibrium, does it have a torque?

A

NO it does not have a torque.

77
Q

all machines ( ideal or nonideal ) decrease the amount of force is done on the machine BUT

A

If it is an ideal machine, the amount of work is conserved therefore the same,

If it is an non-ideal machine, the amount of work is not conserved therefore it would require more.

78
Q

dymanic equilibrium

A

no accerlation, velocity is nonzero

79
Q

static equilibrium

A

no accerlation and velocity is zero.

80
Q

If a brick is floating on top of the sterofoam, the volume of water is displaced will be equilvalent to the mass of the brick. because the brick is much heavier/more dense , more water will be displaced .

A

Yet if the brick sinks, only the volume of the brick will displace the water therefore the water level will decrease once the sterofoam is removed.

81
Q

If a brick is floating on top of the sterofoam, the volume of water is displaced will be equilvalent to the mass of the brick. because the brick is much heavier/more dense , more water will be displaced .

A

Yet if the brick sinks, only the volume of the brick will displace the water therefore the water level will decrease once the sterofoam is removed.

82
Q

in an ideal fluid, velocity through a cross section is contstant

A

in a real fluid, the velocity through the cross section varies, fastest trhough the center and slower towards teh edges

83
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to L

Increase L leads to Increase in resistance. and indirectly proprotional to r^4.

increase in radius –> decrease in resistance.

A

V=IR analagous
Delta P = QR

Delta P = change in pressure
Q= flow
R=resistance

84
Q

Capillary action - water being puled upward there defying gravity

A

The intermoleculr forces betwen water molecules are weaker than the intermolecular forces between water and soil

85
Q

Surface tension - intensity of the intermolecular forces fluid per unit length

A

a water droplet with stronger intermolecular forces have a greater surface tension which will cause it to bead up more

intermolecular forces pull inward

86
Q

in an aneurysm, greater radius wil result in a decrease in velocity due to the continuity equation.

but due to energy conservation, a decrease in dynamic pressure results in an increase in static pressure.

A

this is why they say, aneuysms can BLOW up.

87
Q

in an aneurysm, greater radius wil result in a decrease in velocity due to the continuity equation.

but due to energy conservation, a decrease in dynamic pressure results in an increase in static pressure.

A

this is why they say, aneuysms can BLOW up.

88
Q

if voltage is negative, current is moving towards the cell and the electron is moving away from the cell.

A

if a voltage is positive. the current moves away from the cell and the electrons move toward the cell.

89
Q

if voltage is negative, current is moving towards the cell and the electron is moving away from the cell.

A

if a voltage is positive. the current moves away from the cell and the electrons `move toward the cell.

90
Q

index of refraction

when you have the lowest index of refraction = fastest speed of light

A

n=c/v
c=speed of light in vacuum
v=speed of light in medium of interest.

91
Q

in a capillary, as you decrease the denisty value, you increase the height.

A

if you change the fluid from mercury whose density is 13 to water whose denisty is 1, the height will be increased by 13x.

92
Q

Capacitor Energy equation

A

U= 1/2 CV^2

93
Q

Increasing the voltage across the plate will increase the Charge on the capacitor but it wil not change the properties of the Capacitance

A

C=EoA/d

only if you change the above variables can you change the capacitance

94
Q

Visible light has a Frequency in what range?

A

10^15 Hz

if you increase frequency, you decrease wavelength

95
Q

Specific gravity = ( density of object)/(Density of water)

if the specfic gravity = 0.98 what percentage is under water?

A

98% will be submerged under water

96
Q

Snell law

n1sin(Theta1)=n2sin(theta2)

A

n=c/v

97
Q

for visible light, greater frequency = lower wavelength, and the more it refracts

A

when shining a light trough a prism causing dispersion, the red light will bend the LEAST and the Violet will bend the most
( ROYGBIV)

98
Q

Power = energy/ time

P=I^2R = V^2/R =

A

To prevent loss of power when transferring from the power house to your home, it is transported on HIGH voltage lines and therefore the current will be decreased

99
Q

Capacitor in series

A

1/Ceq = 1/c1+1/C2 + 1/C3

100
Q

Capactor in parallel

A

Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3

101
Q

resistor in parallel

A

1/Req= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

102
Q

Resistor in series

A

Req= R1 + R2 + R3

103
Q

Resistor in series

A

Req= R1 + R2 + R3

104
Q

According to Archimedes principle, Ratio of density of an object to desnity of fluid submerged = weight of the object in air to the difference of the weight in air - weight under water

A

P obj/P fluid = ( weight in air )/ ( weight in air - weight in water )

105
Q

damping ( attentuating()

A

= loss of energy at the resonance freq

which means there is a loss in intensity

frequency is determined by the source –> therefore it can not change.

as intensity decreases, amptitude decreases and wave velocity decreases.

106
Q

damping ( attentuating()

A

= loss of energy at the resonance freq

which means there is a loss in intensity

frequency is determined by the source –> therefore it can not change.

as intensity decreases, amptitude decreases and wave velocity decreases.

107
Q

sounds travels the fastest in solid > liq>air

A

it stil needs a medium to propagate therefore sound can not be heard in vacuum - where the density = 0

108
Q

open and closed Pipes equation

A

open : f= ( nv)/2L ) where n = 1,2,3,4
Trick! cound the number of antinode to figure out which harmonic

n=1 fundamental freq
n=2 = 2nd harmonic ( 1st overtone) etc

closed: f=nv/4L where n = 1,3,5 ( count the number of node to determine harnomic )
n= 1 fundamental freq
n=3 3rd harmonic ( 1st over tone (

109
Q

open and closed Pipes equation

A

open : f= ( nv)/2L ) where n = 1,2,3,4
Trick! cound the number of antinode to figure out which harmonic

n=1 fundamental freq
n=2 = 2nd harmonic ( 1st overtone) etc

closed: f=nv/4L where n = 1,3,5 ( count the number of node to determine harnomic )
n= 1 fundamental freq
n=3 3rd harmonic ( 1st over tone)

110
Q

the ear canal is a tube with one side open and the other side closed. therefore the f=nv/4L

A

shorter canal = increased freq. this explains why dogs can hear higher freq.

111
Q

the ear canal is a tube with one side open and the other side closed. therefore the f=nv/4L

A

shorter canal = increased freq. this explains why dogs can hear higher freq.

112
Q

ears are far apart enough that sound will reach one ear before it reaches the other ear. We use this to determine which direction the sound came from.

A

Although it is true that the intensity wil decrease with increasing distance, the ears are not so far apart that the intensities will be different.

HUman ear can determine time difference better than intensity difference!

113
Q

ears are far apart enough that sound will reach one ear before it reaches the other ear. We use this to determine which direction the sound came from.

A

Although it is true that the intensity wil decrease with increasing distance, the ears are not so far apart that the intensities will be different.

HUman ear can determine time difference better than intensity difference!

114
Q

in an echo, there should be 2 x distance = 2 times the time because the time to hit the object and the time to bring it back.

A

if object is approaching the detector, the time will decrease.

if the object is moving away from the detector, the time will increase.

115
Q

in an echo, there should be 2 x distance = 2 times the time because the time to hit the object and the time to bring it back.

A

if object is approaching the detector, the time will decrease.

if the object is moving away from the detector, the time will increase.

116
Q

Intensity ( I) is proportional to 1/r^2

A

only if the intensity decreases by a factor of 1/10 will the dB change by 10. if not, it will be less than 10 dB

117
Q

Intensity ( I) is proportional to 1/r^2

A

only if the intensity decreases by a factor of 1/10 will the dB change by 10. if not, it will be less than 10 dB

118
Q

highest reflected frequnency results from the largest doppler shift.

A

the doppler shift is the greatest when the objects are moving toward one another at the highest possible speed.

119
Q

highest reflected frequnency results from the largest doppler shift.

A

the doppler shift is the greatest when the objects are moving toward one another at the highest possible speed.

120
Q

an increase in the index of refraction of a lens would increase the bending of the light rays, which would increase the power of the lens

A

. An increase in the index of refraction of a lens would increase the bending of the light rays, which would increase the power of the lens.

121
Q

When light travels from one medium to another, light bends. if n is similar, light bends less and therefore it will decrease in magnifying.

A

this is why there is a large magnification between air( n= 1) to glass n=1.5 rather than under water n=1.3 and glass n=1.5

122
Q

in order to increase power , increase the current

A

p=IV = V^2/R = I^2 R

123
Q

in order to increase power , increase the current

A

p=IV = V^2/R = I^2 R

124
Q

Atomic weight

A

the number of ptorons - which determine the chemical properties of the element

125
Q

Mass number define

A

number of protons + neutrons

126
Q

Atomic weight =

A

average of the all isotopes.

127
Q

1 period = define

A

`time it takes to reach one full wavelength

128
Q

as you approach source, increase freqiency and as you move away from the sourcec, you decrease frequency

A

think about James’ analogy to tennis balls. as you run towards the ball spitter, you will be hit by them more frequently, freq increases and vice versa is true as you run away from the tennis ball spitter.

129
Q

as you approach source, increase freqiency and as you move away from the sourcec, you decrease frequency

A

think about James’ analogy to tennis balls. as you run towards the ball spitter, you will be hit by them more frequently, freq increases and vice versa is true as you run away from the tennis ball spitter.

MCAT (10 decks)

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