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MCAT > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Globalization

A

Hallmark of globilization: international trade cross-brobe investmemnt migration of individual free flow of information

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2
Q

Cultural capital

A

NONFINANCIAL social asset that helps improve an individual position status in society. Cultural capital can help a person gain social mobility and improve the status in society.

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3
Q

demand characteristic

A

Circumstances in which participants guess the hypothesis and change their behavior to match that hypothesis.

Example” I think the experiment is measuring my breathing so i control my breathing so it can match the supposed hypothesis”

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4
Q

GeSellchaft society

A

society in which everyone is working towards the same goal - such as a company/country - larger scale

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5
Q

GeMeinschatten Community

A

Those who are bound together by beliefs, ancestry or geography - smalller scale

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6
Q

Characteristic institution

A

Prehistorically - kin and clan

modern time- cities, urban centers of trade and commercial.

Beaucracy- rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control

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7
Q

impression management

A

refers to out attempts to influence how others percieve us.

3 types of selves-
Authentic self- who the person actually is

Ideal self- who we would like to be under certain circumstances
Tacile self- refers to how we market ourselfs to adhere to other’s expectations.

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8
Q

Compliance

A

change in behavior based on a direct request.

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9
Q

Foot in the door technique =

A

compliance method

  • ask a small favor first, and then ask another bigger one
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10
Q

Door in the face technique

A

compliance technique

  • ask a big favor first ( NO) and then ask for a smaller favor ( YES)
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11
Q

Low ball technique

A
  • comply to a task but non one tells you the full detauls and how it wil work ( kinda left out in the dark)
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12
Q

Thats not all technique

A

compliance technique

  • made an offer but others persaud you by adding another.
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13
Q

Norms

A

Societal rules for acceptable behavior

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14
Q

Culture

A

part of symbolic/nonmaterial culture

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15
Q

Rituals

A

formalized ceremony that usually involve specific material objects

  • wedding
  • thanksgiving dinner.
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16
Q

Social action -

A

effect of a group on individual bahavior including social facilitation, deindividuation, bystandard effect, social loafing, peer pressure.

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17
Q

Social interaction-

A

refers to effect that multiple individuals all have on each other including polarization and group think.

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18
Q

Meritocracy

A
  • largest factor that drives american social mobility ( does not guarantee a positive social mobility)
  • based on merit/intellectual talent that helps bring you up the lader, BUT the gap betwen the classes

sometimes meritcoracy may not help you move up the social ladder.

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19
Q

Belief perservance

A

Ex. I dont care what you show me as proof, I am right!!

  • a type of congitive bias in which people have a tendency to reject convining proof that goes against their belief.
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20
Q

upward/downward mobility

A

people can climb the social ladder( move up) or desncent the social lader( move down)

education can help with social mobility

but althetics/music can help individuals climn the ladder.

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21
Q

Poverty

A

defined by low socioeconomic status and lack of posssesion/financial resources–> poverty can be handed down from generation to generation.

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22
Q

Absolute poverty

A

poverty is a socioeconomic condition in which people do not have enough money or responses to maintain a quality of life that inclues basic life needs, such as fod, clothes, water and shelter.

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23
Q

Relative poverty

A

in which a person is poor in comparasion to larger population where they live.

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24
Q

intergenerational mobility vs. intragenerational mobility

A

Intragenerational mobility - changes in social status within ones lifetime.

Intergenerational mobility- changes in social status by parents to their children.

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25
Q

There are 2 types of social movements. what are they?

A

-Proactive and reactive

social movement are organized either to promote or resist social change.

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26
Q

Proactive social movement

A

promote social change

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27
Q

reactive social movement

A

resist social change

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28
Q

social support

A

( emotional support)

  • listening, affirming and emphathizing.

Ex, “ i am sorry that you lost your job”

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29
Q

Esteem support

A

( social support)
Affirming question and skills of a person

” you’ve got a great resuem. Iam sure you will be hired”

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30
Q

Material Support

A

( social support)
- aka tangible support

financial or materal contribution
:” let me pay the check this time”

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31
Q

Informational support

A

( Social support) providing information that will be helpful to someone

” i hear my company is hiring”

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32
Q

Network Support (

A

( Social support) - giving a sense of belonging

“ group hug”

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33
Q

just world hypothesis

A

good things happen to good people and bad things hapen to bad people

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34
Q

Learning theory in sociology

A

attitudes developed of learning :

by direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction and conditioning

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35
Q

Interactional Process analysis

A

Technique for observing, classifying and measuring the interaction within small groups

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36
Q

group conformity

A

individuals are complaint with group goals to a point where individuals wil participate in behaviors they normally would not
for example: in a party, people do drugs to fit in but normally this said person would not do it.

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37
Q

Group think

A

related to group conformity - and occurs when memebers begin to focus solely on ideas generated within a group- while ignoring outside ideas

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38
Q

upward mobility

A

when a person/ social group or claass is moved to a higher position of increased power, or status within society

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39
Q

social reproduction

A
  • passing down social inequality to children
  • example, if you are born in a poor house and parents dont have resources for you, you will be poor too.

THINK LUCK OF THE UTERUS

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40
Q

Game Theory

A

game theory is how position between two different groups affect the behavior

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41
Q

institutional discrimination

A

occurs at a workpalce or at a institution

- this explaints why one gender is discriminated against the other.

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42
Q

residential segregation

A

The result of separation of different groups into neighborhoods –> can result in educational disparity

( think intercity = black=shity school system)

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43
Q

Belief perservance

A

When presented with information of varying opinion, people are more likely to believe in information that confirms with their opinion and discount evidecen which retures it.

The result is therefore that even when presented with infrmation that supports both sides, people tend to confirm and solidify their position.

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44
Q

Subculture - define

A

sulculture is a group of people within a culture that distinguish frm the primary culture to which they belong

example in india there are hindus – which can be broken down into swaminarayan, krishna, sikh ( these are all subcultures)

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45
Q

Social Construction Model

A

States that emotions are solely based on situational contect of social interaction

46
Q

Display rule

A

it depends on the culture

- unspoken tules that govern the expression of emotion

47
Q

Multiculturism

A

celebration of co-exisiting cultures a cultural mosaic

think of america – its a melting pot of cultures

48
Q

McDonalization

A

refers to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictabilty, control and calculabilty.

49
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

states that democractic or beaucratic systems naturally shift from being ruled by an elite group of people.

50
Q

define assimilation

A

Assimilation is the process by which an indivisual or groups’s behavior and culture ebgin to resemble that of another group

think native american assimilation - they started dresssing like european people.

51
Q

What are the 4 factors used to access complete assimilation?

A
  • socioeconomic status
  • geographical distribution
  • language attainment
  • intermarriage
52
Q

Impression management - ingratatiation

A

using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
example: blindly agreeing to someone else’s opinion, complementing a friend before asking for a favor

53
Q

impression management stragety - managing appearances

A

using props, appearance, emotional expression, association with other to create a positive image.

example: wearing a white coat, keeping calm when dealing with a difficult patient

54
Q

impression mangagement - self disclossure

A

given information about onself to establish an identity

example: disclosing that you are a premedical student

55
Q

Impression mangagement - aligning action

A

making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses.

example: justification for missing dealines,

blaming a bad grade on too little sleep

56
Q

Aligning actions is an impression management technique in which one provides an socially acceptable reason for an unexpectable behavior.

A

example: excuse for poor behavior.

57
Q

Impression management - alter casting

A

imposing an identity onto another person.

” A good friend would lend me a bike” –> saying you are a good friend.”

58
Q

empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

explains relationship betwen helping and empathy behavior

one individual helps another person when she/he feels empathy for another person - regardless of the cost
example: dhuggy and isha

59
Q

Halo Effect

A

Cognitive Bias in which judgement about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by an overall impression
- one general impression allows to make further judgement

THINKHALO LIKE A STAMP - IT MADE A LASTING IMPRESSION ON YOU.

60
Q

Social construction model definition

A

the social construction model states that emotions are always a product of a current social situation and it doesnt posit any biological basis for emotion

Think about how society constructs the emotion…

61
Q

Prejudice

A

an irrational position/ negative attitude towards a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience with that entity

Influenced –> power, prestige and class

62
Q

define power

A

acheived goal despite upstate

63
Q

define prestige

A

respect shown to a person/group

64
Q

classn define

A

socioeconomic status

65
Q

Symbolic Ethnicity

A

connection to ethic symbols despite lack of every day incorporations

Example st patty day

66
Q

Sterotypes

A

occur when attitudes and impressions are based on limited superficial imformation about a person

67
Q

Ageism

A

prejudge and discrimination based on Age

68
Q

Sex is not the same as gender. DEFINE EACH

A

sex= biological determined

gener = behavioral/ cultural/ phychological/ trait

69
Q

Belief definition

A

what we think should be true

example: Religious belief

70
Q

Value definition

A

value leads to behavior

Example: what a person deems important in life and values can change with population

71
Q

Value leads Behavior

A

Example :

Philantrophy leads to donating to charity

Patrism leads to enlisting in armed forces
Education - leads to saving for school

72
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

A concept used to compare and understand other cultures!

Halal meat is different but not superior to others

73
Q

Culture is taught and you are not born with it.

There are two types of culture. Name and define

A

culture is the entire lifestyle for a given group

Material culture :object that represents groups - tangible. Example: coconut= ascribed not inherent meaning

Symbolic culture: idea that represents groups “ NONMATERIAL CULTURE” = songs

74
Q

Discrimination = behavior

A

When a prejudical attitude comes out as negative behavior.

  • there are 2 types!
    Individual discrimination: - one person discriminates against particular person/gender.
    Example: female not hired due to age.

Institutional discrimination: - discrimination against a group/person by entire organism

EXAMPLE: the human resources doesn’t like blacks.

75
Q

Prejudice = attitude

A

prejudice does not always lead to discrimination.

For example: I can be prejudice toward a group and not act on it therefore I am not discriminating.

76
Q

Poverty line

A

Based on government calculations on the minimum income requirements to acquire the necessity for life.

But it doesnot factor in geography. some places are more expensive to life compared to others.

77
Q

Status types

  • ascribed Status
  • Achieved Status
  • Master Status
A
  • Ascribed status - involuntary - based on race, ethinicity, gender, family background and socioecominic status
  • Achieved Status - gained as a result of ones effort or choices
  • Master Status - states by which one is most identified by
78
Q

Cultural Attribution - Indivisualistic culture vs Collective Culture. Define Each

A

Individualistic Culture - high value on personal goal/independence Ex: USA
( make fundamental attribution error ( dispositional)

Collectivist culture - high values on conformity and interdependence
Example: Many asian culture
( Make situational attributions)

79
Q

Social Identity Theory ( who you are in a group)

A

States that a persons self-concept is partially determined by their percieved membership in a social group

80
Q

Game Theory

A

Rational behavior influencing people – in self interest

Altruism = donor benefits and recipent costs to himself

Cooperation = both donor and recipent benefit

Spite = both donor and recipient are negatively impacted

selfishness - donor benefit and recipient negative impact

81
Q

Game Theory - focuses on a rational behavior of interacting people

A

” when you play a game, you will think wisely and rationally

The theory holds that people are rational being who act according to their self interest

can be related to altruism - people will only help of they can rationalize a benefit from helping.

82
Q

Group Polarization

A

The tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than individual ideas and members ( more individual effect)

Choice shit - group as a whole changes behavior ( group oriented)

83
Q

Dispositional ( internal) –> consistency cue

A

consistent behavior one time

84
Q

residential segregation

A

results in separation of different groups into neighborhods

this segreation is due to the location of the neighborhood and it has harbors the following issues

  • lack of access to bus
  • lack of acces to teachers
  • lack of technology
85
Q

Symbplic interactionist

A
  • focuses on sociology on a mirco level - on the level on individuals
  • seek to find shared meaning
  • seek to study the effects of social constructs on individuals particularly how those constructs effect the role of the individual within society
86
Q

Globalization -

A

includes increase interdependence between people in different regions of the world.

87
Q

Demographic Transition -

when is there the loweest population and when is the greatest population?

A

During Demographic Transition, there is an increasing in population. This is because in beginning, the death rate and birth rate are high.
As time progresses, the death rate decreases yet the birth rate increases until it levels out. therefore this contributes to the increase in population.

88
Q

Meritocracy

A

a society in which positions are earned by achievements

89
Q

Social Statics

A

Focus on how order is mainatined in society

90
Q

Social dyamincs

A

focus on how society changes over time

91
Q

Prelevance

A

Measure of disease that allows us to determine the likelihood of ahving that disease

example: scleroderma is more prelevenat in caucaion patients and more in female

92
Q

modern sociaiology

A

focus on post modernism, feminism, and critical theory???

93
Q

Social constructism = aaka social construction of reality

A

examones the jointed constructed undertadning with shared meaning ( with individual)

94
Q

Which factor of theory of social solidairty in a society that determines the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained -

A

DIVISION OF LABOR

division of labor - refers to the range of tasks with a social system - it is the divison of labor that allows society to funciton

if eveyrone has their own taks then the system rusn smoothely

95
Q

Value -

A

set of belief that an indivusual has to guide his behavior

96
Q

Norm

A

code of conduct set by the society

if the norm is not followed, this is considered deviant

97
Q

Morbidity

A

aka the synomyn is illness

example an individual can have several comornbilities such as diabetes, hypertension,

98
Q

social perception requires ehat?

A
  1. target
  2. percierver
  3. process
99
Q

According to the differential association theory ( deviance is learned though interaction with others

A

mneumonic - you assciate with different people you can become deviant

100
Q

role strain

A

tension that results from competing demands within the contexts of a single role

tension within 2 different respsibility within the same role - dont know what to do. you are strained

101
Q

role conflict define

A

tension betwen 2 different roles held by 1 individual.

Riddhi is a mother and a employee and there is a conflict because she holds 2 positions.

102
Q

from the perspective of basic group dynamics in sociology, larger groupos are generally considered more stable but less intimate, whereas smaller groups are usually less stable, but more intimate

A

dyads, two person groups, such as the physican - aptient group, are unstable because either party can break the single social tie.

the triad, thre person groups such as a physician- aptient cultural liasion group, is considsered relatively more stable encause of the additional social ties.

103
Q

from the perspective of basic group dynamics in sociology, larger groupos are generally considered more stable but less intimate, whereas smaller groups are usually less stable, but more intimate

A

dyads, two person groups, such as the physican - aptient group, are unstable because either party can break the single social tie.

the triad, thre person groups such as a physician- aptient cultural liasion group, is considsered relatively more stable encause of the additional social ties.

104
Q

mixed methods approach define

A

quantatie component ( statisical analysis ) and qualitative ( in depth analysis interviews )

105
Q

Ethnograpthic methods

A
  • are accurately desribed as systemic observation for a complete social enviroment
106
Q

caste systems - closed stratification system that does not allow for social mobility.

A

think luck of the uterus by Susan Hosapple.

107
Q

define intersectionality of a relationship :

A

intersectionality calls attention to how idenity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individuals’s positon withina social hieracrhy is determine not only by his or her social clas, but also by his is her race/ethinicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories, such as age, gender, and sexual orietnation.

108
Q

looking glass self by cooley

A

is based on how others percieve you and how that changes your self concept

The looking glass self is influenced by how we perciev`e that others are viewing us. Based on the looking - glass self, a person who acquires a stigmatized ill is likely to internalize the stigmazation direct against him or her.
.

109
Q

Medicalization refers to the taken for granted process in which a problem comes to be defined and treated by the social institution of medicine.

A

A behavior undergoes medicalization when both the defintion of the problem adn the therapy intended to impotve it are couched in medical terms.

110
Q

Thomas Theorm

A

Interpretation of situation causes action.

the interpretation of a situation causes the action.

For example, a teenager who is defined as deviant might begin to act deviant.

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