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MCAT > Psychology > Flashcards

Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Bottom up (Data driven) processing

A

Parallel procressing - takes longer to process but less prone to mistakes.
Mneumonic- look from the bottom for details

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2
Q

ought self

A

who we should be

it is part of self esteem

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3
Q

learned helplessness

A

requires repeated inability to have any effect on a sitiuation over a long period of time + much more severe usually manifests as depression

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4
Q

self-efficacy

A

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation.

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5
Q

behavioral perspective

A

deals with punishment and rewards

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6
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

holds that people’s behaviors and traits shape their environments- which in turn have an effect on their identity.

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7
Q

Neurotism

A

high emotional arousal in a stressful situation

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8
Q

catharsis

A

the process of releasing, anddy thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

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9
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

the process of releasing it (catharsis) providing relief from strong/repressed emotions

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10
Q

Define the Nervous systems and its parts

A

Central Nervous system and Periperhal systems

Central NS: brain and spinal cord

Peripheral NS: Somatic and automatic

Somatic NS: Sensory(dorsal+ afferernt) + motor( ventral + efferent)

Automatic NS= sympathetic and parasympathic NS.

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11
Q

dorsal is in the back and ventral is in the front

SAME DAVE
Sensory - afferent
Motor - efferent

Dorsal - afferent aka sensory
Ventral - efferent = aka motor function

A

There is an evolutionary aspect to this.

dorsal in the back detects sensory.
ventral in the front detects motor.

if there is a tiger chasing you, and it attacks your backside, you can afford to lose sensation as opposed to motor function.

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12
Q

Define parasympathetic system

A

parasympathetic –> conserve energy –> rest+ digest

  • pinpoint pupil ( opiod)
  • stimulates flow of saliva
  • constricts bronchi
  • Slows HR
  • stimulates perstalisis/ secretion
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13
Q

definite Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • activated by stress ( fight/flight) - anxiety
  • dilate pupil
  • inhibit salivation
  • relax bronchi
  • increase HR
  • stop perastlasis
  • increase glucose production ( in the liver and kidney with gluconeogenesis)
  • adrenaline - above kidney
  • inhibit bladder contraction
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14
Q

Pons

A

part of the hindbrain

  • handles the fundamental homeostasis
  • relays in formation and regulates sleep

MNEUMONIC “ sleep by the pond”

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15
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Hind brain
- handles the fundamental homeostasis things
What: regulates breathing, Heart Rate, and Blood pressure

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

Balance and Coordination

  • alcohol messes with the cerebellum and its structure –> loss of balance
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17
Q

Super Colliculi

A

reflex of the midbrain

- receives visual and sensory input

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18
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Reflex of the midbrain

- receives auditory input

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19
Q

Hypothalamus ( 4Fs) What are they?

A

involvement in endocrine and homeostasis

  • feeding
  • flight
  • fight
  • fucking
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20
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

hunger center

MNEUMONIC - if you ablate/get rid of the lateral hypothalamus ( lack of hunger = LH)

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21
Q

Ventral Medial hypothalamus

A

Satiety center -> helps stop you eat when you are full

MNEUMONIC : if you ablate teh ventral medical hypothalamus = “ very much hungry”
THE MOUSE WILL GET FAT

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22
Q

limbic system and sttructures (3)

A

Emotion/memory

  • Septal nuclei - brain’s pleasure center/ addition ( Mneumonic = sexy nipple)
  • amydala - defensive/ anger fear
  • hippocampus - formation of memory ( short –> long)
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23
Q

Anterior Pitutary

A 
endocrine hormone - uses the hypophyseal portal system 
FLAT PEG 
FLAT = Tropic Hormones -> goes to another gland to stimulate hormone secretion 
PEG = direct hormones
F= Follicle Stimulating Horomes 
L= Lutenizing Hormone 
A= Adrenocorticotropic hormone
T= Thyroid stimulating hormone
P= Prolactin 
E= Endrophins
G= Growth Hormone
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24
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secrets melatonin

Biological rhythms - directed by the retina

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25
Q

Basal Gangalia

A
  • uses dopamine
  • coordinated muscle movement + routes information to Brain

Too little dopamine = parkinson’s disease.
Causes shuffling/ chopping motion

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26
Q

Alzihmer’s disease

A
  • too little ACH
  • amyloid plaque
  • neurofibillary tangle
  • ## General atrophy to Brain
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27
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A
  • controls sexual behavior

mneumonic “ Anal horny”

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28
Q

Posterior Pitutary

A

has direct neuronal input

- releases ADH ( vasopressin) and oxytocin

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29
Q

Parietal lobe

A

sensation ( somatosensory)

Destination for touch, pressures, temperature

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30
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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31
Q

Motor Cortex

A

initiates voluntary movement

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32
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auitory, language( wernikes area), emotion

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33
Q

Wernike aphasia

A

difficulty understanding language but can speak coherent words

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34
Q

Brocca aphasia

A

can’t verbalize( expression area)

Understands everything but sounds like nonsense

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35
Q

conduction aphasia

A

cant have a normal conversation. brocca’s area and wernikes area are intact, but the arcuate fasciculus in “ broken”

there is no back and forth with conversation

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36
Q

central sulcus

A

seperates frontal + peripheral lobe

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37
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A
  • problem solving
  • peaks in early adulthood
  • declines with age
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38
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

what: use of learned skills/ knowledge
when does it peak? - middle adulthood
- declines with age

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39
Q

Piaget stages ( 4)

A
  1. Sensorymotor ( 0-2) - learn object permenace
    circular reaction ( primary –> secondary )
    Primary = needs for self are met
    secondary = external meets needs
  2. operational ( 2-7) - symbolic thinking, centration, and egocentraism. To pass this phase, need to learn conservation
  3. Concrete ( 7-11) - logical thinking
  4. formal - ( 11-onwards) - abstract thinker
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40
Q

retinal has direct connection to hypothalamus

A

aka light control

at night ( controls melatonin)

during day ( controls cortisol= arousal )

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41
Q

Mesolimbic reward pathway

A

dopaminergic pathway in the brain –> deals with motivation and reward

Nucleus Accumbens ( NAc) , Ventral tegemenal Area ( VTA), medical forebrain bundle

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42
Q

instinct theory of motivation

A

evolutionary, programmed instinct –> behavior

focuses on innate trait not on learning/culture

  • changes throughout life
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43
Q

stimulant

A

amphetamine/estacy
- Increases dopamine, Norepi, seratonin, Increases Heart Rate, Increases Blood Pressure

Cocaine = DECREASE reuptake of dopamine, norepi, seratonin

Crack = can be smoked, highly addictive

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44
Q

Depressant

A

Alcohol = INCREASE gaba, INCREASE dopamine

  • affects reasoning
  • alcohol myopia
  • wernicke-korsakoff syndrome= defincency in B1 vitamine, memory impairment

Barbituates/benzodiazapene ( anti-anxiety)
INCREASES gaba, highly addictive

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45
Q

Marijuana

A
  • acts like stimulants/ depressants/hallucinogens
  • THC is the active ingredient
  • INCREASES Gaba
  • INCREASES dopamine

Binds to - cannabiod receptor

           - glycine receptor
           - opiod receptor
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46
Q

Hallucinogen

A

(LSD) - lysergic acid ethylamide

deals with serotonin. INCREASES: blood pressure, heart rate, pupil dilation, body temperature

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47
Q

Opiates/ opiods

A 
Opiate = Natural 
Opiod= synthetic
  • Binds to Opiod receptor
    • -> brings euphora and pain relief
  • Methodone treatment - for opiod with lower risk of lower dose
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48
Q

Need Based Theory (Maslow)

A
  • allocate our energy/ resources to best satisfy needs

Maslow Hierachy Pyramid: Highest priority= loweest unmet level

Self actualization 
Esteem 
Love
Safety 
Psychological  ( Needs to reached first... you build bottom up)
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49
Q

Self-determinzation theroy

A
  • related to the need base theory
  • Universal -
  • Autonomy - control of action ( ex. make own schedule)
  • Competence - complete /excell in difficult task ( excel in sport)
  • relatedness - feel related/wanted/ accepted ( ex. interpersonal relationships)
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50
Q

Drive reduction Theory

A

motivation based on goal to eliminate uncomfortable state

  • Primary drive - physical need
    ex: food, water, warmth
  • secondary drive - drives to statisfy non-biological desires. ( usually emotional)
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51
Q

incentive theory

A

Behavior motivated to pursue reward and avoid punishment

- not by need/drive/desire.

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52
Q

Expectancy Value Theory

A

expectation of success + value placed on success= motivation needed to be successful.

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53
Q

Opponent Process theory

A
  • Explaints motivation on ongoing drug/tolerance
  • As INCREASE more depressants –> DECREASE arousal
  • leads to DECREASE to sensitivity to depressant ( tolerance created)
  • therefore more drugs are needed to produce the same effect. –> body changes psychology
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54
Q

Sexual motivation

A

It has 3 factors.

  1. physiological - hormone, smell
  2. Culture - what is percieved to be attactrive
  3. congnitive - fear/anxiety/excitment
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55
Q

Thalamus

A

Where: Forebrain
What: Acts like a relay station for all information for all senses except olfactory

MNEUMONIC : sense of smell is the oldest therefore it goes straight to the brain without any other place to interpret it

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56
Q

Dyssomnia

A

sleep disorder in which makes sleeping difficult

  • insomnia
  • sleep apnea
  • norcoxspy
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57
Q

Parasomnia

A

Behavior PAIRED with sleep ( aka occurs during sleep)

  • sleep walking ( somnambulism)
  • night terror
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58
Q

Emotion

A

derived by cirsumstances, mood, relationship

3 component

  • Physiological
  • behavioral
  • cognitive
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59
Q

James-lange Theory of emotion

A

suggests that emotions come from a physiological sensation.

Stimulus –> nervous system arousal –> conscious emotion

example- My heart is beating fast therefore i must feel scared or nervous.

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60
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus –> sensory processing –> Physiological arousal and emotional response ( at the same time)

Ex. I am afraid because I see smoke and my heart is racing. get me out of here

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61
Q

Schachter-singer Theory of Emotion

A

Stimulus –> Physiological + Cognitive –> emotional response

Example: I see smoke, my heart is racing and others around me are scared therefore I should be scared.

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62
Q

Limbic system ( 6 structures)

A
  • amygdala
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus
  • septal nuclei
  • corpus callosum
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63
Q

amygdala

A
  • part of the limbic system
  • related to attention/emotion
  • plays a key tole in emotion and interpretation of facial emotion
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64
Q

Thalamus

A
  • part of the limbic system

- sensory relay center in the brain except for olfactory

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65
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

attention + cognition ( NO EMOTION)

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66
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

plays substantial tole in decision/control emotion form amygdala

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67
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

connects region dealing with emotion

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68
Q

Stress

A
  • physical
  • cognitive
  • behavioral
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69
Q

cognitive Appraisal ( 2 type)

A
  • evaluate situation that induces stress.
    Primary stress - initiate the evaluation of the enviroment
    • irrelevant/begign/positive/stressful
      if there is a stressful response -> lead to the secondary appraisal

Secondary Appraisal

  • Harm
  • Threat
  • Challenge
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70
Q

General Adaptation syndrome

A 
- deals with stress 
3 stages : 
1. alarm 
2. resistance 
3. Exhaustion

alarm: - Activates SNS, release hormones( epi/norepi, cortisol)
- Resistance: maintain release of hormones
- exhaustion: - body cant keep up, suspectible to illness

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71
Q

If you cant cope within exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome….

A

will lead to emotional and behavioral issues

  • Moody, tense, fearful, helpless
  • poor memory, difficulty concentrating, withdrawal socially
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72
Q

What are the 2 ways to cope/stress manage

A

Problem focused - workout stressor

adaptive- exercise
maladaptive- drugs
emotional focused- engage in activity that self control using positive appraisal

Problem focused emotional focused

Adaptive maladaptive

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73
Q

Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning

A

Preconventional ( Focus on the consequnces) during pre-adolsence

  1. obidence
  2. self-interest
    Conventional ( focus on relationship with other) during adolense -adulthood
  3. conformity
  4. law + order

Post conventional ( higher level thinking) - adulthood if at all

  1. social control
  2. universal human ethics
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74
Q

.Self- discrepency Theory

A

to maintain a sense of self ( 3 things)

  1. actual self - who you are
  2. ideal self- who you want to be
  3. ought self- who others want you to be.

goes hand in hand with self esteem and self worth

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75
Q

Androgyny

A

Both masculine and feminine

Mneumonic: andro=androgen
ogyn=womenly

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76
Q

locus of control

A

characterizes what influences our lives

external locus of control - events are caused by luck or outside influences
ex: “ I didnt win the race because my shoes were new and the track was wet”

Internal locus of control - controling their own fate
“ i didnt run hard enough”

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77
Q

Frued Psychosexual stage of development ( 5 stages)

A

Oral: mouth( 0-1) fuxed on mouth-dependent
suck, bitty, nibble

Anal: Butt ages ( 1-3)( toilet training)]
relaxed toilet training: messy
strict toilet training: orderly

Phallic: age ( 3-6) odepal/electrical conflict is resolved during this stage

Latent: age (6-12) largely sublimitated during stage
( developing self defense mechanism)

Gential: ( age 12+- adulthood) - reaching sexual maturity

If all stages are met, person should have develeoped well sexually and mentally healthy.

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78
Q

Erikson - psychosocial development ( name 8 stages)

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs. shame and guilt
  3. initiative vs inferiority
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs role confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. intregrity vs dispair
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79
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

Erikson - psychosocial development

Age (0-1)
If needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust

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80
Q

Automony vs shame and doubt

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
Age : 2
Toddler strives to learn independence and self -confidence

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81
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
Age 3-5
Prescholler learns to initiate tasks and grapples with self control

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82
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
Age: 6-puberity )

Child learns either to feel effective or inadequate)

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83
Q

Idenitity vs role confusion

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
(Age- teenage years)

a physciological revolution occurs during this stage.

Teenager works at developing a sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to form a single identity.

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84
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
Age ( 20-40)

Young adults struggles to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love

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85
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A

Erikson - psychosocial development
Age ( 40-60 years old)

middle aged person seeks a sense of contributing to the told, through, for example family and work

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86
Q

Integrity vs dispair

A

Erikson - psychosocial development

age 65 and up
Reflecting on life, the elderly person may experience satisfaction or a sense of failure

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87
Q

what happens if there an unresolved conflict in the freudian psychosexual theory?

A

FIXATION

fixation –> leads to anxiety –> leads to necrosis ( carry throughout life)

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88
Q

Vygotsky : internalization of culture

A

learning culturally relevant skills and values

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89
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky theory

  • a skill that between the child can do alone and without guidance ( needs a little more push) of a more knowledgeable adult.

Example: when the child tries to try his shoes but he is almost there. The adults helps.

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90
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

Freudian perspective - unconscious internal state determine personalities
3 parts : ID, EGO, SUPER EGO

ID: primal urge – Pleasure principle and primary process

EGO- operates on reality principle and secondary procress - inhibits urge of ID until the right time)

SUPERGO- “ Moral arm if right ( reward) and wrong ( punishment)

Reward=ego ideal
punishment = conscience

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91
Q

repression

A

defense mechanism

  • UNCONSCIOUSLY removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

A man who survived a six month in concentration camp cant recall anything about his life during that time period

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92
Q

Suppression

A

Defense Mechanism

consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

a terminally ill cancer patient can put aside his anxiety to enjoy a family gathering

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93
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction

Ex: A boss who is attracted to this employee becaomes her mentor/advisor

Be a dentist to inflict pain on others

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94
Q

Displacement

A

Changing target of an emotion while the feeling remains the same

When sent to his room as a punishment, a child begins to punch and kick his pillow

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95
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior

A murderer who claims that while killing is wrong, his patient “ deserved it”

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96
Q

Projection

A

Attribution of wishes, desires, thought, or emotion to someone else

A man who has commited adultery is convinced his wife is cheating on him, despite a lack of evidence.

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97
Q

Regression

A

Returning to an earlier stage of development

Example: A husband speaks to his wife in “ babytalk” when telling her bad news.

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98
Q

Reaction Formation

A

An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite.

Two coworkers fight all the time becausethey are actually very attracted to each other.

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99
Q

Long term memory - works with which structures of the brain?

A

hippocampus and amydala

Memory is split into 2 types - explicit and implicit

Explicit memory = hippocampus in medial temporal lobe

You remember facts –> exmaple: at a funeral, I was wearing black.

Implicit memory = amydgala –> emotional memory –> storage of actual feeling of emotion associated with an event Example: I was sad at the funeral

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100
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

planning/intricate cognitive function/express personality/make decision

right: negative emotion
left: + emotion
MNEUMONIC
left = laughing + emotion
Right= RUCHA MAD

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101
Q

Carl Jung

A

persona - the aspect of our personality use the present world

Anima : “ man’s inner woman”
example: man being emotional
Animus - “ woman’s inner man’
Ex: women are power seeking

Shadow: unpleasent + socially rephrehensible thought/feeling/action in our consciousness

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102
Q

Humanistic approach

A
  • more person centered
  • Gesalt looks hollistically at self

Maslow–> hierachy of need –> eventually reach self actuation.

Carl Roger: very person centered –> unconditional positive regard - therapeutic technique by which a therapist listens to her client and creates a positive enviroment

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103
Q

Type/Trait

A

Type = personality type A or B
Type A= competitive/organized
Type B = laid back/ relaxed

TRAIT= based on indivdual personalities

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104
Q

Eysenck PEN model —> ocean

A

P- psychoticism = measure of nonconformity or social deviance
E- extraversion - tolerance of social interaction/stimulation
N=neurotisim - measure of emotional arousal in stressful situation

OCEAN acroymn : 
Openess 
Conscientiousness 
Extraversion 
Aggreable
Neurotism
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105
Q

Cardinal Trait

A

Trait which person is recongzed for by others

ex: mother theresa –> known for her self sacrifice

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106
Q

Central Trait

A

traits easily inferred.

Example: Tuti SHY

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107
Q

Secondary Trait

A

only a few close/limited people need to get close to someone to know.
Ex. tuti can be outgoing if she is comfy with friends.

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108
Q

Behaviorist perpective

A
  • developed by skinner
  • behavior reinforced by operant conditioning. –> token economy

Bahvior is rewarded with token -> exchanged for priveldge/treat/reinforce

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109
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

goes hand in hand with behaviors

  • See how one interacts with enviroment

Reciprocal determination - idea that feeling/enviroment and behavior all interact with each other
Example: some people feel comfy in some enviroment and not in others.

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110
Q

Biological based personality

A

Based on genes

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111
Q

Biophysiosocial approach of psychological disorders

What parts do we focus on in this approach?

A
  • biology: genetic predisposition
  • physiology: stems from patients emotion/thought/behavior
  • social component: results from individual surround + can include issues of precieved class in society
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112
Q

Biomedical Approach for psychological disorders

A

Too technical and narrow in focus and doesnt look at the lifestyle or socioeconomic standing.

  • uses medications in its way of treating patients
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113
Q

Biomedical Approach for psychological disorders

A

Too technical and narrow in focus and doesnt look at the lifestyle or socioeconomic standing.

  • uses medications in its way of treating patients
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114
Q

delusion

A

(+) postive symptom of schzophrenia

Delusion of reference - belief that the TV is talking to you or the enviroment

delution of prosecution - belief /tought that someone is spying on them

delusion of grandeur - belief of someone importance talking to you example. GOD

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115
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

MNEUMONIC: SIGECAPS

Sadness and sleep
interest loss
Guilt increased 
Energy decreased
concentration decreased
Appetite change
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts present
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116
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

Constant depression for over 2 weeks

no major dperessive episode

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117
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

onset during the winter season

- treatment by bright light therapy

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118
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Depression + mania

Bipolar I = mania with NO or 1 major depressive episode

Bipolar II = hypomania with 1 major depressive episode

Hypomania = more energetic

Cyclothymic disorder = hypomania + persistent depressive disorder

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119
Q

catecholamine theory of depression

A

Main neurotransmitter : Norepi + sertotonin ( 5HT)

Mania : High serotonin, High Epi

Depression: Low serotonin, low epi

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120
Q

General anxiety

A

general worry for 6 months but not exclusive to a certain object or place

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121
Q

Specific phobia

A

common type of anxiety for a certain thing

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122
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of places where there is no escape

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123
Q

Panic disorder

A

sympathetic nervous system is high of impeding doom

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124
Q

OCD (obsessive complusive disorder)

A

Obsession - thought - anxiety causing

compulsion - behavior - anxiety relieving

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125
Q

Dissociate amnesia

A

inabilty to recall past experience ( due to trauma)

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126
Q

dissociative fugue -

A
  • sudden, unexpected, purposeless wandering

MNEUMONIC - dissociative fugative “ dont know where they belong”

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127
Q

Manic episode

A

abnormal high elevated mood

MNEUMONIC : DIGFAST

Distractable 
Insominia (DECREASE in sleep)
Gradosity
Flight of ideas ( racing thought) 
Agitation 
Speech ( pressure/fast)
Thoughtlessness ( risky behavior)
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128
Q

Schizophrenia

A

-Biological based disease

–> (+) positive symptom = hallucination , delusion, disorganized thoughts, disorganzied behavior

–> (-) negative symptom - inappropriate emotion or loss in affect ( narrow range in emotion)

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129
Q

DID( dissociative identity disorder)

A

aka multiple personality disorder

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130
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A
  • individual feels detached from own mind/body + surrounding
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131
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

patient with somatic symptom disorder will be worried about diseases that could be completely unrelated to medical condition and eventually increase the level of anxiety

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132
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

-consumed by thoughts about having or developing a serious condition

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133
Q

conversion disorder

A
  • unexplained symptom affecting motor and sensory function

example blindess –> even though visual tract is okay.
Hard going numb–> even though the nerves in hand are okay

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134
Q

Schiziod personality disorder

A

Cluster A” viiewed as weird by others”
- persausive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression. ( show low desire for social skills)

Part of schizophrenia

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135
Q

Schizotypical personality disorder

A
  • have idea of reference ( similar delusion reference when enviroment such as TV character is talking to you - but not as a severe case)
  • magical thinking
    part of schizophrenia
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136
Q

Paranoid

A

Part of cluster A - viewed as weird from others

persausive mistrust of others/suspicion of their motives

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137
Q

Antisocial

A

Cluster B “ wild”

Viewed as emotional/dramatic/erractic by others

3x more likely in males than females

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138
Q

Borderline Personality disorder

A

Cluster B” wild”

2x more common in female than male

instability behavior, mood, self-image, and interpersonal relationships are unstable

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139
Q

Histronic personality

A

Cluster B “wild”
Constant attention seeking behavior

  • think SLUT for histronic behavior
    MNEUMONIC “ think of historical figure… wants to be in the center of attention”
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140
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Cluster B “ wild”

Constant view of themselves as grandoise, preoccupation, constant admiration and attention.

” these type people admiration- think about popular highschol girls”

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141
Q

Aviodant personality disorder

A

Cluster C”worrid”

Extemely shy/ fear of rejection

These types of people stay in the same job/life situation/relationship despite wanted to chnag.

Example: Abusive husband to wife. wife has no one to go to and no money –> fear of rejection

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142
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Cluster C: Worried

  • constantly reliant on someone else.
  • constantly asking parents/signficant other before any decision

Ex. ISHA

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143
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

Cluster C - worried

perfectionistic/inflexible –>tending to rules and order.

OCD is not the same as OCPD
OCD - egodystonic - meaning they view their disoder as a mistake and a bother

OCPD - egosyntonic - meaning the indivdual view their behavior as good and valid.

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144
Q

Schizophrenia ( Biological component)

A

Too much dopamine

- generic predisposition –> partially inheritied

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145
Q

Depression (biological component)

A

DECREASE norepi, DECREASE serotonin, DECREASE dopamine

  • abnormally high glucose metabolism in the amygdala
  • hippocampal atrophy after long duration of illness ( it messes up with memory)
  • abnormally high level of glucorticoid ( cortisol)
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146
Q

Bipolar Disease ( Biological Factor)

A

INCREASE Norepi, INCREASE serotonin,

  • genetic component important( if parent has bipolar, then greater risk or person with multiple sclerosis)
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147
Q

Alzheimer’s disease ( Biological)

A
  • dementia by gradual memory loss,
  • symptoms inhibit normal daily function
  • genetic predisposition on certain genes
  • diffuse atrophy of brain
  • flattened sulci
  • enlarged ventricle
  • decrease ACH and DECREASE ACH making enzyme ( choline atylic transferase)
  • reduced metabolism in temporal and parietal parts of the brain
  • Beta-amyloid plaques forming
  • Neurofibillary tangles
  • Sundowning ( memory better in the day as opposed to the night)
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148
Q

Parkinson Disease

A
  • BradyKinesia - slow movement
  • Resting tremor ( trmor in muscle not being used)
  • pin-rolling tremmor - flexing/extend the finder while moving the thumb back and forth
  • shuffling gait - stooped position
  • Masklike facies - facial expression static
  • cogwheel rights - muscle tenses up and halts movement
  • DECREASE dopamine in substantia nigra - lack of dopamine in basal ganlia which is the command center
  • lack of L-DOPA which is a precursor converted to dopamine
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149
Q

substantia nigra

A

releases dopmaine to activate the other region of the basal ganglia

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150
Q

Signal detection theory

A
  • perception of stimuli that cab be affected by nonsensory factors, such as experiences (memory), motives, and expectations

Signal Yes and Response Yes = YES
Signal Yes and response NO= miss

Signal NO and response Yes = false alarm
Signal NO and response Yes = correct Negative

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151
Q

Endolymph ( define its structure and location in the body)

A

in the Ear and it is the part of the membranes of cholea and labrinyth

MNEUMONIC : ENDO = inside

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152
Q

Perilymph ( define its structure and location in the body)

A

in the ear and it is part of the bony laryrinth

MNEUMONIC = peri = periphery aka on the outside

Both endolymph and perilymph are part of the choclea and vestibular.

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153
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Locus of control

  • Individuals will view personal successes as a skill ( INTERNAL) and failures as bad luck ( external)
    mneumonic: if you did something good, its you. if something bad happens, its not you adn someone else.
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154
Q

indirect therapy

A

enables family members to help person needing treatment

Note the difference/contrast to direct therapy.

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155
Q

social cognition theory

A

Attitudes are formed through observation of behavior, cognition and environment.

mneumonic: “ social cognition = thinking about your social setting and what is around you. “

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156
Q

Enviromental modification

A

changing the enviroment itself

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157
Q

Errorless learning

A

BF skinner: - errors are not necessary for learning to occur.

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158
Q

modeling

A

Learning behaviors through watching and imitating others

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159
Q

observational Error

A
  • difference between a measured value and a true value.

Example: “ take a ruler and I measure 1.5 cm but it should be 1.67 cm. the observer, Shuchi, made a mistake”

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160
Q

Self-effacing Bias

A

tendency to attribute success to external factors

mneumonic - “ when youdont give yourself credit and just say it was luck”

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161
Q

Self-fulling prophecy

A

for an individual

  • sterotype that leads expectation for a certain group of individuals
  • expectation can create conditions that lead to conformation of those expecations
    Example: Medical students known to struggle with first day surgery and in reality they do
162
Q

systematic error

A

refer to error in measurement -

Error in each measurement, so the overall is incorrect by the same amount

  • this leads to bias
163
Q

Variable Ratio = VR

A

Learning model

  • but it also stands for Very Rapid and Very Resistant to extinction
164
Q

Whofian Hypothesis linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

our perception of reality - the way we think about the world is determinded by the content of language.

165
Q

Self-serving bias

aka - self -serving attributional bias

A

you serve yourslf by - own success is based on internal factor.
Failture based on extrenal factor.
(LOCUS OF CONTROL)
self-enhancement- hard to maintain self worth and can be done through internal attribution of success and external attribution of failure.

increase in self-esteem leads to increase in self-serving bias because it protects image

166
Q

mediating variable

A

helps explain the relationship between two variables

167
Q

Piaget studied what kind of psychological development

A

Cognitive

168
Q

Erikson studied what kind of psychologocal development

A

pyschosocial development

169
Q

Frued studied what kind of psychological development

A

Psychosexual

170
Q

Kolhburg - studied what kind of psyhcological development

A

moral reasoning

171
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

problem solving skills ( peaks in early adulthood)

172
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

peaks in middle adulthod ( use of learned skill and knowledge)

173
Q

Locus of control - part of the social cognitive theory

A

Internal locus of control ( I control my enviroment)

External control of event =- enviroment controls me

174
Q

Aggression

A

behavior to cause harm/ Increase social dominace - can be verbal or nonverbal

Biological ( INCREASE TESTOSTERONE)

Brain( amydgala is activated) in a threatening situation
Prefrontal cortex modulate impulses

Cognitive NEOassociation model -> states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling a negative emotion - such as tired, fustrated pain.

175
Q

Aggression

A

behavior to cause harm/ Increase social dominace - can be verbal or nonverbal

Biological ( INCREASE TESTOSTERONE)

Brain( amydgala is activated) in a threatening situation
Prefrontal cortex modulate impulses

Cognitive NEOassociation model -> states that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling a negative emotion - such as tired, fustreated pain.

176
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A
  1. Apperance
  2. Similarity
  3. Self-disclosure
  4. Reciprocity
  5. Proximity
177
Q

familiarity effect

A

there mere exposure effect aka familiarity effect - states that me being exposed to something, we can see a familiarlity in it.

178
Q

Secure attachment

A
  • care is reliable and secure source of comfort
  • child can explore the world comfortably and prefers caregivers to strangers
  • child will grow to have adequate social skill
179
Q

Aviodant attachment

A
  • caregiver has little to no response to distressed child.

- child shows no preference for caregiver

180
Q

Disorganized attachment

A
  • caregiver is erractic or socialy withdrawn

- child shows no consistent pattern of behavior toward caregiver

181
Q

Ambivalent attachment

A
  • caregiver has inconsisnt response to distresed child

Child distressed when caregiver leaves, mixed responses upon caregiver return.
aka anxious ambivalent attachment becayse chils ia always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver.

182
Q

Matechoice

A

intersexual selection

183
Q

Mate Bias

A
  • how chosey we are in to choose a mate –> direct benefit = benefit to mate

indirect benefit = promote better survival in offspring

184
Q

5 categories of mating

A

Phenotypical benefit ( attractive to other sex)

sensory bias - a trait that matches a preexisting preference that exists in population

fisheran -runway selection - attraction has no survivial benefit ( think about the peacock feather)

Indicator Trait - good health/wellbeing

185
Q

Social (Perception/cognition) has 3 parts

A

perciever ( influenced by exp)

Target ( the person about which the perception is made)

situation(social content)

186
Q

focus on central trait

A

what one is known for.

Impression bias= how we make impressions of others

primary effect = first impression

recency effect = most recent experience to give impression.

implicit personality theory= categorized a person=sterotype

187
Q

self-reference effect

A

indicates that information is the most meaningful to an individual is most likely to be memorizied.

mneumonic” if you can refernce yourself you can remember it better”

188
Q

Elaboration likelyhood model - 2 routes ( name them)

A
  • central route processing ( think NS brain)

- peripheral route procesing ( THINK PNS extra.. periphery )

189
Q

define central route processing

A
  • scruntizing and analyzing the context of persuasive information
  • high elaboration
    think NUTS AND BOLTS
190
Q

peripheral route process

A
  • low elaboration
  • focusing on superficial detail of persausive information such as apperance / catch phrase/ slogan / credibility
    THINK about the asthethics and the looks compared to the nuts and bolts of the message.
191
Q

Attitude and behavior have A, B, C components. Identify them.

A

Expression of positive/negative feelings towards something. Person/place/thing/ scenerio o

3 components

A=Attitude
B=Behavior
C=Cognitive

192
Q

Leaning theory

A
  • attitude develeoped through different forms of learned

learning to say thank you is positive trait +

learning to curse is bad = negative

193
Q

Attitude has 3 components

A
  1. Affective - feeling
  2. Behavioral = Act
  3. Cognitive = think
194
Q

Functional attitude theory =
4 Functions

  1. Knowledge
  2. Ego-expressive
  3. adaptation
  4. Ego-defensive

Define these terms

A
  1. Knowledge - important that provides consistency and stability and helps provide organization to thoughts/experiments.
  2. Ego-expressive - allows us to communicate and express our opinion
  3. Adapative - idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitude are experienced.
  4. Ego-defensive = they protect out self -estem or justify action we know are wrong.
195
Q

context effects

A

Memory aided by being in the physical location where the encoding took place..

Example: if you study in the same place you take the test, you are more likely to do better there

196
Q

Shaping

A

Process of shaping a specific behavior “ get reat for small thing first and then only when you complete a set of tasks can you get another treat .

Example: you want to potty train the doggy …. you get it out of the house- treat and the next time you give it a treat when it gets out of the hourse and pee = treat

therefore this is how you use shapping for the doggy

197
Q

Modeling

A

= mirror neurons in the frontal and parital region of the brain

198
Q

Negative Reinforcements - there are 2 types: name and define

A

Escape learning - example : drink cofee to get rid of the groggy feeling

Aviodance learning : study MCAT now to avoid being sad later

199
Q

Proactive interferece

A

the old interfere with the new…. cant be productive and move forward because i have interfeerence

200
Q

retroactive interference

A

new interfers with the old.

Cant be retro( go back) because I am being interfered with the new.

201
Q

Alzihmer’s disease

A
  • degnerative brain disorder
  • decrease aka loss in achetylcholine
  • progressive dementia
  • memory loss - retrograde fashion- loss with recent memory before distant
202
Q

Serial position effect

A

retrieval cue appears while learning lists
- better to recall for 1st part ( primacy effect) and the last part ( recency effect)

  • but your time you still remember the 1st part, sourcery effet is part of short term
203
Q

State-dependent memory

A

person’s mental state effects recall

  • if learned something while intoxicated, then you recall it better when you are intoxicated.
204
Q

Spacing effect

A
  • Learning

- longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater retention of information later on.

205
Q

Fixed Ratio ( FR) schedules

A
  • reinforce a behavior after a specific number of perfromances of that behavior
    example: in operant conditioning, researches might reward a rat with a food every third time the rat presses the bar
206
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  • another form of memory loss causes by thiamine deficiency
  • marked by both retrograde anmesia ( loss of previously formed memory) and anterograde amneis( inability to form new memories)
207
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

tendency to make judgements based on how readily available infromation is on memories

example: watching new programs about the spread of violent crimes in the inner city neighborhoods makes me to think the overall likelihood of crimes in also high in my neighborhood.

208
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

tendency to judge the likelihood an event occuring based on our typical mental represtation of those events

example: we may think shark attacks are lot more deadly than being crushed by a vending machine because animal attacks is more represntable of a cause death in our schema.

209
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of the ability to recognize object, people and sounds

  • typically it is 1 out of 3
210
Q

Another symptom of korsakoff’s syndrome is - confabulation

A

Confabulation is the creating of viid but fabricated memories - typically thought to be an attempt made by the brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories.

211
Q

Fixed internal and fixed ratio have what in common?

A

There is almost no response immediately after the reward is given, but the behavior INCREASES as the rat gets closer to reciveing the reward.

212
Q

Family studies - are used in what context?

A

family studies are often used to investigate morbity rates of a behavior or disease within a family compared to a popuation in order to compare the enviromental and genetic contributes.

213
Q

Moro reflex

A
  • attempts to reestablish grip after losing form hold.

- Having hands up

214
Q

Babinski Relex

A

fanning of all toes in baby

215
Q

Rooting Reflex

A
  • baby turns face to side of the face with contact to a nipple ( Breast feeding)
216
Q

fMRI ( functional MRI) is used for whaat?

A

do indepth detail regarding the brain

217
Q

EEG ( electro-echo-gram)

A

will only show superficial part of the brain and its electrical activity

218
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Delusios - are false discordant with reality adn not shared by others in the individual, culture, that are maintained inspite of strong evidence.

Delusions are considererd deviant from society

219
Q

Parkinson’s disease - biological sysmpomts

A

In the basgal ganglia- DEACREASE in dopamine production.

Brady kinesia - slowness in movemnent
Resting Tremor - a tremor that appears when musles are not being used

  • masklike facies - no expression on face
  • cogwheel rigity - rigid
  • shuffling gait - with stooped posture.
220
Q

Inclusive fitness

A
  • a measure of an organism’s success in the population.
  • ## Based on the number of offspring, success in supporting offspring, and ability of the offspring to then support themselves.
221
Q

inclusive fitness - altruism

A

inclusive fitness promotes the idea that Altruistic Behavior can improve the fitness and success of a species as a whole. -> sacrificing self to protecting children can lead to genetic sucessive children.

222
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

occurs when people hold simutaneously 2 or more conflicting opinions on a task –> which causes an internal conflict so they are compelled to reduce internal tension by picking one and view the bad idea as not THAT bad.

example: Shuchi takes gap year. I convinced myself that it isnt that bad!!

223
Q

Motor skills tend to develop form the periphery

A

Eyes - follow object at 4 months of age

Hands movements are much later

224
Q

Obedience

A

Changing ones behaviors in response to a direct order from one authority figure ( Milgrim’s experiment)

225
Q

Dramaturigical Approach ( Goffman)

A

Goffman used a metaphor of theatrical performance to describe how an individual creates images of themselves in various situations

Front stage - where actors is infront of an audience and shows off his best - confirmtion of an image he wants others to see

Backstage - where actors are not abserved by an audidence - therefore the actors are free to act however he pleases and not as same in the public eye.

226
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

MNUEMONIC “ of COURSE that happened …. i think?”

form of a memory loss caused by thiamine deficidency

2 types -

reterograde amnesia - loss of previously formed memory
( mneumnic - RETURN to the previous memory)

Anterograde anmesia - inability to form new memory
( mneumonic - Another memory)

Confabulation - the process that creates a vivid but fabricated memory, typically thought to be an attempt made by brain to fill in gaps of missing memory

227
Q

Appaisal model - 3 types

  • James Lange
  • Cannon-Bard
  • Schicher-Sanger
A

All 3 types of emotion theory are closely related and accepts that there are biologically predetermined expresssion once an emotion is experienced, but there is a congitive antecedent to emotional expression.

NS —-> congitive–> emotion

228
Q

Working Memory

A

involved in reasoning and comprehension ( think math problems)

storing memory in your brain temporairly until the problem is done.

229
Q

Dissociative identity disorder ( DID)

A

2 personalities that recurrently take control of person’s behavior

230
Q

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

individuals feel detached from their own mind and body ( depersonalization) and from their surrounding ( derealization)

231
Q

Dissociative amneisa

A

inability to recall past experience

232
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

a sudden, unexpected move purposeless in a wandering way - they are confused about their identity

233
Q

Major depressive disorder lasts for how long?

A

2 weeks

234
Q

Which component of the Nervous system is NOT involved in the initial reflexive response to pain?

A. Spinal cord
B. Cerebral Cortex
C. Interneuron
D. Motor Neuron

A

B. Cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex is not involved in the initital reflex response to pain

sensory –> interneuron–> motor Neuron and it completely bypasses the brain

By the time brain gets the signal, withdraw reflex has already occured.

235
Q

Variable interval

A

DO the job in different times to get the pellet of food

236
Q

Fixed Interval

A

After a certain amount of time, you will get the pellet of food

237
Q

Variable Ratio schedule)

A
  • reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of that behavior

give a pellet in 2,4,6,8

MNEUMONIC : VR=variable ratio and very rapid and very resistant to extinction

238
Q

System for multiple level of observation of groups

Based on the belief there are 3 fundamental interactions

A
  1. Dominance vs Submission
  2. Friendliness vs unfriendliness
  3. Instrumentally contorlled vs emotionally expressive
239
Q

Basic Model of Emotion

A

proposed by Charles Darwin - states that emotions serve an evotultionary process - and they are smiliar across cultures

7 universal emotions are part of this model

240
Q

Erikson - Automony vs guilt

A

Ages (1-3)

Is it okay to be me?

241
Q

Inititative vs guilt

A

Ages 3-5

When child begins to develop peer relationships and language to communicate

242
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

age 0-1

Do my surroundings meet my needs/ do i trust it?

243
Q

Operant /classical conditioning - require a repeated behavior and not a single instance

A

if the question asks for a single instance, then it can not be conditioning.

244
Q

Right prefrontal cortex has which types of emotions?

A

sad/negative

245
Q

Left Prefrontal Cotex has which types of emotions

A

Happy and pleasant

246
Q

Erikson : Psychosocial development

identity vs role confusion

Erikson termed it physiological revolution –> leads to fediality

A

Favorable outcome is fidelity- the ability to see one’s self as unique and integrated person with sustaineed loyalities
–> more consistent with how he or she views himself.

unfavorable outcomes are confusion about ones identity and amphorphous personality that shift from day to day

247
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Individuals are changing their behaviors because they are aware that they are being studied

aka observational bias

248
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Risky behavior - constantly attention seeking

MNEUMONIC - think someone is jumping off a cliff ( off a border) and wants attention and risky behavior

249
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

Therapists explore how the role of environment in determining behavior and thoughts

Make a trianle of thought, behavior and environment

250
Q

Trait Perspective

A

Focuses on how personalities and behaviors are influenced by GENES ( acquired and instinctuall)

251
Q

increasing sample size can increase the signficance without decreasing power.

A

in order to increase statistical significance, increase the number of data points in the study

252
Q

Humanist Perspective

A

Focus on self actualization and helping patients become more complete and fullfilled individuals.

Ex: emotional coaching technique involves processing and becoming aware of ones emotion.

253
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

focus more on ACTIOn rather than cognition

254
Q

Fundamental Attribution error

A

Error that describes the tendency to over value dispositional /personality based causes for behavior while under-valuing the role of external circumstances ( situations)

situational vs dispositional

255
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

tendency to look at other cultures through one’s own culture. –> prejudice and bias can be related to ethnocentrism –>which relates to cultural bias as well.

256
Q

World System theory
Define Periphery
define Semmipheriphy
Define Core nation

A

COre nation: industrialized, strong government, seconomically diverisified and independent

semi-periphery nation: in the middle of core and periphery

Periphery nation - weak instiution, waek government high social inequality

257
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

tendency to search for or interpret infromation in a way that confirm’s one’s preconceptions leading to a statistical error.

( exmaple: when a researcher is looking forsomething specfic in his data)

258
Q

Name the types of capitals that play a role in social reproduction because captital is poassed from generation to generation –> this keeps people inthe same social class as their parents before –>reproducing ineqaluty through the system of social stratification.

A

Financial capital - refers to income and wealth

Cultural capital - what you know. shared outlok, belief, knowdlge and skill passed down between generation

Human capital - refers to education + job a person receives

Social capital =” who you know” aka your people connection - helps you find a job or internship`

259
Q

Mead theory of Identity

A

“me” = part of the self that is formed interactions with others and the general social enviroment ( SOCALIZED)

“I” = spontaneous and automonous part of the unified self ( UNSOCIALIZED)

260
Q

Social leaning Theory

A

Learning that is a cognitivie process that takes place in a social context or can occur through observation and direct instruction `

261
Q

Institutional Discrimation

A

treatment between 2 ocial groups that the system level that generally results from subtle practices rather than blantant discriminatory actions

262
Q

Anxiety disorders are generally diagnosed when?

A

are characterized by unusually debillitating worries that interefere with daily life.

263
Q

Representative heuristic

A

is a congititive approach where it involves attributing the characteriscs of groups wo which they belong

264
Q

Symbolic interactionists

A

are concerned with the ways individuals interact through a shared meaning/understanding of words

265
Q

If you do something in the past and you get positive outcomes, you do it again. what perspecitive uses this ?

A

Behaviorist perspective

266
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

learned through onerv

267
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

learned through obervation

268
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

refers to the need to choise between two desirable options

269
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

conclift that deals with only 1 choice/goal event but the outcome can be positive or negative.

Example: = a job promotion = might mean more money or status but it also comies with increases responsibilty, potential for longer work hours and increased pressure.

270
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

refers to 2 choices that are between 2 negative options.

271
Q

Cogntive appraisal

A

procress in which an indivdual emotionally reacts after evalutating a given situation.

emotional apprasial –> stressful therefore you have a reaction to it.

272
Q

Self serving bias

A

” you serve yourself “

Good = it was me 
Bad = it was someone else
273
Q

Self -effacing bias

A

good things are due to external facators.

274
Q

Divided attention

A

Attention split within multiple tasks

275
Q

Selective attention

A

the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimulu selectively when serveral occur simutaneously.

Ex: cognitive process used by flight candidates who are required to repeat certain digits - attention needed

276
Q

Continous reinforcement

A

best for acquisition phase of operant conditions “ because” “ like shaping” - the schedules unambigiously informs the subject - which behavior is correct

and continuous reinformcement is the quickest to extinguish

277
Q

The entire autonomonic nervous system requires ACH. but where?

A

it is required between every pregangilonic and post ganglionic synapse.

278
Q

Peg words

A

images/words associated with numbers

279
Q

method of loci

A

assocated items withlocation

280
Q

Differential association theory

A

think “ associate with different people –> becomes deviant”

Deviance can be learned through interactions with others

MNEUOMINC “ diffferent associate - associate with other to be different:

281
Q

Theory of attitude

4 FUNCTION :

  • knowledge
  • egoexpressive
  • adaptation
  • ego-defensive
A

Knowledge - important in that it provides consistenty and stability

Ego-expressive : allowing us to communicate and solidfy our self-idenity

Adaptive -

Ego-defensive - they protect our self-esteeem/justify actions that we know are wrong

282
Q

SYMLOG ( system of multiple obeervation of Group) define and expand on this

A

Method for analyzing a groups’ dynamic along 3 dimensions
( friendly vs unfriendly)

( instrumentally controllable vs emotional expressions)

( dominance vs submission)

283
Q

Cultural Syndrome

A

A shared set of belief, attitude, norms, values, and behaviors among the members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme

284
Q

Cultural Syndrome

A

A shared set of belief, attitude, norms, values, and behaviors among the members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme

285
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Fight/FLight

A
  • tunnel vision
  • increased Heart Rate
  • pupil dilate
  • diaphragm contracts more quickly ( aka breathe better)
286
Q

Gate theory of pain

A

when you are in pain, you want to rub the area to alleviate pain and release endorphins
- this is why messages help a lot

287
Q

amygdala - increases aggression

A

Prefrontal cortex - controls impulsibility and aggresion

Right prefrontal cortex = sad emotion
Left prefrontal corect = happy emotion

288
Q

Mating Bias

A

how choosey we are with our mates

Direct phenotypical benefit - direct material and emotional support

indirect phenotypical benefit - benefit to offspring

289
Q

Mating Bias

A

how choosey we are with our mates

Direct phenotypical benefit - direct material and emotional support

indirect phenotypical benefit - benefit to offspring

290
Q

Runway selection =

A

positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait has no survival benefits becomes more and more exaggerated.

Ex: peacock’s feather.

291
Q

Social perception has 3 components ( name them)

A
  1. Target
  2. situation
  3. Perciever
292
Q

Prejudice leads to what?

A

Attitude

293
Q

Discrimination leads to

A

Behavior!

294
Q

Halo effect

A

judgement on an individuals’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual

MNEUMONIC “ option/judgement causes “ glow or halo on overall appearance”

Example: Glen brings cookies to work. Althogh you have not tried them yet, your coworker cays “ glen is such a great guy! “ Im sure these cookies are fantasic”

295
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

tendency to organize the perception of other based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perciever –> people may also project their own believes, opinions, ideas, and actions onto others.

example: if i like someone who is slim and trim, i will find someone attractive who is slim and trim?

296
Q

Reliance on central traits

A

tendency to organize the perception of other based on traits and personal characteristics that matter to the perciever –> people may also project their own believes, opinions, ideas, and actions onto others.

example: if i like someone who is slim and trim, i will find someone attractive who is slim and trim?

297
Q

manifest function

A

intended positive effect on a system

298
Q

latent function

A

unintended positive efffect on a system

299
Q

dysfunction

A

negative effect on a system

300
Q

Material culture

A

object to assign meaning - clothing, cuisine, paiting, etc

301
Q

Symbolic culture

A

ideas, values

302
Q

demographic transition - death and mortality rates

there are 4 stages - define them

A

slowly moving from rural to urbanization

Stage 1: high birth and high mortality rate
Stage 2: mortality rate drops
Stage 3: Birth rate drops
Stage 4: Low birth and low mortality rates

303
Q

Kinsley scale of homosxuality

A 
6= homesexual 
0= heterosexual 
3= bisexual
304
Q

Comparative Pessimism

A

would cause in someone who believes he or she is worse off or has a higher risk than others

Example: if i compare myself to others and to those that are better tham me, i will feel pretty shitty about myself

305
Q

Social Facilitation ( define)

A

social facilitation implies people perform better when
1. competing against others
2 Friendly audience
3. when a task is familiar

306
Q

define aggression

A

is defined as a phyisal can verbal behavior

intended to hurt/destroy - whether reactively or proactively

307
Q

Most personality disorders are EGOSYNTONIC . what does this mean?

A

this means that in the individual percieves his.her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmoney with goals

308
Q

Social constructionism - define

A

is a school of thought characterised by the idea that objects generaly have little inherent value and its society which ascibes these values

309
Q

Circular reaction - there are 2 types ( primary and secondary) define

A

Circular reactions are named for their repeptivive nature.

Primary curcular reactions - involve repetivive behavior which the child finds soothing

Secondary circular reactions - repeptive behavior involve and effects the enviroment

310
Q

Belief preserverance - deifne

A

belief perservance is a type of conginitive bias in which people have a tendency to reject convincing proof that goes against their exisiting belief.

311
Q

Belief preserverance - deifne

A

belief perservance is a type of conginitive bias in which people have a tendency to reject convincing proof that goes against their exisiting belief.

312
Q

Attitude has 3 Components

Name and define

A
  1. Affective - EMOTIONAL component of attitude
  2. Behavioral- tendency to behave in a certain manner
  3. Cognitive - thoughts/beliefs - sterotypes and ideologies
313
Q

Borderline personality disorder -

A

attention seeking

314
Q

Schizotypical Personality disder

A
  • isolation
  • social anxiety
  • disorganized thoughts - typical of schizophrenia
315
Q

Semi-circular canal relates to what in the inner ear

A
  • related with balance

Vestible - deals with orientation

316
Q

Cochlea

A

deals with pitch and intensity of sound

317
Q

Demographic Transition - where is the loweest population and where is the greatest population?

A

in the beginning, death rates and birth rates are the highest, therefore the population will be at its lowest.
During the demographic transition, there is an increase in population. therefore at the end of the demographic transition, it will be the highest population during urbanization.

318
Q

Obervational learning is also known as vicarious conditioning

A

in which positive–> posotive outcomes
negative –> negative outcomes

Seeing a posotive interaction was more likely to lead to a similar behavior
seing a negative reaction discourages a smiliar behavior

319
Q

Systematic error

A

error in the measurement and al of them have a error by a similar amount

320
Q

hawthorne effect

A

an individual changes their behavior because they are aware that they are being studied

321
Q

Observational error

A

the difference between the actual and the measured value

322
Q

Demand characteristic

A

referes to the circumstances in which the participants guess the hypothesis of the study and change their behavior accordingly.

323
Q

Belief perserverance

A

is the idea that when presented with information with varying opinion, people are more likely to believe infromation that confirms their opinion and idscounts evidence that refutes it.

324
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

focuses on the self-actualization and helping patients more complete and fulfilled individuals.

example: emotinal - coaching technique involes in proccessing and coming aware of ones own emotion.

325
Q

Behavioral therapist

A

focus ON ACTION rather than cognition

326
Q

Trait persepective

A

focuses on measuring aspects of personality that are able to be grouped of thought and behavior

327
Q

Fruedian perspective

A

focus on the unconscious

328
Q

heightened emotion - particular negative emotion can lead to impulsivity and reduction of forethought

A

example: when tuti is mad she says things she doesnt mean and that is because I am not thinking clearly and i have heightened emotions at the moment

329
Q

sensory memory

A

pertains to memory of sensory information - not involved in reasoning and comprehension

iconic memory - type of sensory memory

330
Q

Episodic memory

A

memory about a certain event ( in working memory )

331
Q

Implicit memory

A

unconcious memory of skills and unconditioned responses

relates to the amygala and can bring back emotions to memory

332
Q

Self effacing bias

A

Tendency to attribute success to external factors

333
Q

Learned helplessness

A

condition in which people become apathetic because they feel powerless to change their conditions

334
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

loss of memory

335
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

making up facts - confabulation

336
Q

Schziophrenia

A

different from having paranoid illusions that the charactieritcsare schzophrenic.

337
Q

Catharsis -

A

a type of psychodynamic technique

to share negative experiences and express his feelings in a safe enviroment

338
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

the degree males and female look alike/ resmemble each other.

ANimals want HIGH sexual dimorphism in order to attract the other mate - so they dont want to to look like each other. THAT IS BORING>.

animals with LOW sexual dimorphism = male and female exhibit similar characteristics

MNEUMONIC : think about how divergent the 2 genders are from each other - LOW = similar
HIGH = very idifferent

339
Q

Major Depressive disorder

A

requires the presence of a certain subset of symtoms over a period of 2 weeks
SIGECAPS ( suicidal thought, lack of interest, guilt, low energy levels, lack of concentration, and appetite)

340
Q

Dysthmia disorder

A

represents only depressed mood over a short period than two years.

341
Q

Humanistic View point

A

FOCUS on the HUMAN as a whole

  • fre will
  • self image
  • self actualization
342
Q

Maslow Concept of self- actualization

A

The desire for self-fullfillment namely the tentency for the individual to become actualized in what they are potentailly

343
Q

Libido -

A

terms usd hy the psychodymaninc theroy to describe the energy created by the surviail and sexual intincts.

According to Frued - ibido is aprt of the ID and it is the force of all behaivors

344
Q

Sublimial percerption

A

Persentation of a stimuli too rapid or weak to be consciously recognized

345
Q

SACCADE

A

eye jumps from one position to another as it taking in visual stimuli

346
Q

Limen

A

a threshold below which a stimulis is not percieved or is not distingihsed from another

347
Q

Hieuristic

A

Helps us make decisons

Representative hieristic - one heirsistic people use when making judgements –> if something is familiar likely to chose that

348
Q

Percetual constancy

A

reders to the percieving of faniliar objects having a standard size, shape,and color, location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance and lighting,

349
Q

Which human need is the basis for congitivie dissonce?

A

the need forconsistency
congitive dissonace refers to the involving of conflicting attitudes/ belif/behavior. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to the alterations of one of the attitudes to restore the balance/consistency of bahavior and thouhts

350
Q

Which human need is the basis for congitivie dissonce?

A

the need forconsistency
congitive dissonace refers to the involving of conflicting attitudes/ belif/behavior. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to the alterations of one of the attitudes to restore the balance/consistency of bahavior and thouhts

351
Q

Implicit memory - without concious aweareness.

A

sort of like now how i am typping. I kno where the keys are - well most of them that is.

352
Q

Implicit memory - without concious aweareness.

A

sort of like now how i am typping. I kno where the keys are - well most of them that is.

353
Q

Narcolepsy

A

neurological disorder charactersized by the braisn inabiliyt ot sontrol sleep/ wakefulnes cycles - suffer from chromic day time sleepiness

354
Q

SLEEEP layers

BATD

B

A

beta - awake
alpha - resting with eyes closed
Theta
Delta

Theta and Delta are sleep stages

355
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

Hypnagognic jerk - involuntary twitch which occurs just as a person is beginning to fall asleeep - sometimes often casung them to awaken suddenly for a moment

356
Q

Delision

A

false belief that are still thought to be true even though there is efidence proving it false.

357
Q

Semantics

A

refers to the meaning of words/phases in a particular contaxt

358
Q

Repression -

A

part of suppressing thought/memory/desire so that it remains in the unconcious

359
Q

Cannon bard theory

A

states that emotion and the Phsyiologiacl reaction occur at the same time which leads to action

thalamus is the relay center in the brain

360
Q

Motion sickness is the thought to arise when snsory input from the semicircular canals( angular motion) and linear motion are in conflict with sensory ( input from the mucsle and eyes )

A

sensory conflict theory

361
Q

Self-determination theory - need to achieve his or won

A

theory of motivation

362
Q

Eustress - positive reaction due to association with previous experience

A

Amygdala can sore similar circumstances in different ways

363
Q

A drive reduction and cognitive theorist would argue that depression results in a DECREASE IN AROUSAL

A

A drive reduction theroy suggests that depression stems from a reduction in motivating forces of arousal.

A congitive theroist would argue that arousal is essential to sustaining most behaviors.

364
Q

Depression affects what parts of the brain?

A
  • affects the fronal lobe ( attention/ congition)
  • limbic system structure ( emotion/memory)
  • hypothalamus ( hormonal control )
365
Q

Gesalt law of symmetry -

A

we tend to percieve stimulu as grouped symmtreically around a center point

366
Q

Gesalt law of similarity

A

we percieve similar objects as being grouped together

367
Q

Gesalt law of proximity

A

we tend to percive objects close to other than in group rather than a large collection on individual pieces

368
Q

Attition bias -

A

paricipant drops of out a long term experiemnt or study

369
Q

reconstructive bias

A

type of bias related to memory

370
Q

Social diserable bias -

A

bias related to how people respond to research

371
Q

slection bias -

A

type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate

372
Q

Compliance -

A

privately disagree yet piblically agree

373
Q

internalization

A

publically and privately agree

374
Q

identification

A

conform to behavior because they like/respect who exhibits it

375
Q

infromational social influence

A

people conform by listening to information through social group.

376
Q

infromational social influence

A

people conform by listening to information through social group.

377
Q

emotion has 3 core components

A
  • physiological arousal
  • expressive display
    subjective interpreation ( how you interpret the emotion )

there is no conditioned response to emotion

378
Q

twin stdudie compare 2 diffferent types of twins ( monozygotic and dizygotic )

A

By comparing twin pairs that have different levels of genetic relatedness but similar enviroments, a twin study allows the determination of how hereditry influences the expression of a trait

379
Q

situationsal approach of personality : personality is best understood as teh tendency to respond to certain situational interpretations in certain ways

A

personality can be predicted

380
Q

Family studies are often to investigate comorbidity rates of a behavior/ disease within a family as compared to a general population. m ( looks at nature vs nurture )

A

family study are incapable of distingushining between enviromental and genetic contributes to study conditions.

you can compare nature vs nature but you cant pick just one of them.

381
Q

beneath the skull, there are 3 layers of the menegsis ( DAP ) define DAP

A

Dura, anarchoid, pia matter.

382
Q

beneath the skull, there are 3 layers of the menegsis ( DAP ) define DAP

A

Dura, anarchoid, pia matter.

383
Q

hypothalamis is a structure in the brain that regulares all of the functions. : arousal ( sexual and otherwise) hunger , thirst,

A

Anterior hypothalus - sexual
Lateral hypothalmus - hunger center

ventromedial hypothalmus - satiety center

384
Q

what are the 4 F for hypothalus

A
  • FOOD
  • Fight
  • Flight
  • FUCK
385
Q

define cognitive dissonance

A

according to the cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual attitude are incongruent with his/her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance. to eliminate cognitive dissonance - the individual can either change his/her attitude or change their behavior. The theroy states that people are more likely to adjust their attitude to align their behavior than the other way around.

386
Q

reference group - define

A

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaliuating themselves / their own behavior

387
Q

gentrification -

A

reinventestment of lower income neighborhood in urban areas - which result in more affluent groups

  1. causes displacement of lower income houshing
  2. explant tax base for local government
  3. increase neighborhood stratification

think about boston… boston used to have a lot of innercity neighborhoods, but now mostly docors live in boston and the poor people moved to roxbury and dorcheste.r

388
Q

gentrification -

A

reinventestment of lower income neighborhood in urban areas - which result in more affluent groups

  1. causes displacement of lower income houshing
  2. explant tax base for local government
  3. increase neighborhood stratification

think about boston… boston used to have a lot of innercity neighborhoods, but now mostly docors live in boston and the poor people moved to roxbury and dorcheste.r

389
Q

Sapir- whofian hypothesis - lingguistic relativeity hypothesis

A

states that the structure of language affects your perception of others

390
Q

aging does not effect the general facts known - such as semantic memeory

A

but it does affect the following :

  • Capacity for acquiring new declarative information
  • capacity for controlling his or her memory processes
  • ability to retrieve general information.
391
Q

Flash bulb memory

A

coined by Brown and Kulik, that when they dound that people claimed to remember details of what they were doing when they revieved news about an emotionally arousing event.

392
Q

False memory

A

so called false memeotires can be observed both in real world and labority settings, and they are generaly given with high confidence

393
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

suggests that human cognition is affected by language and how we percive the wrold is dependent on language.

394
Q

Name the ABC of attitude

A 
A= affective - feelings 
B= Behavior = actions 
C= cognitive = thoughts.
395
Q

Stimulatns name them

A

cocaine

increase arousal

396
Q

Opiods/ opiates =

A

Heroine, codine, morphone.

397
Q

Opiods/ opiates =

A

Heroine, codine, morphone.

398
Q

in group dynamics, there is an increased chance of social loafing, where the work is not distributed throughout the gorups.

A

groups are knowns to have unanmiously 1 idea as opposed to individuals, alone pople have more thoughts and ideas.

399
Q

Hindsight Bias -

A

Hindsight bias is also known as knew it all along effect or creeping determination - is the inclincation after an event has occured, you knew it was ging to hapen the whole time despite having little knowledge for the basis for production.

400
Q

Response Bias definition ( also known as survery bias )

A

is the tendency for a person to answet questions on a survey untruthfully or misleadingly. For exsample, they may feel the pressure to give answers that are socially acceptable vs the real and truthful answers.

401
Q

Structual functionalists will focus on the macrosocioloy by looking at the manifest ( intended) and latent ( unintended) functions.

A

from a functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest and latent functions, - both of which are connected to the overal social stability.

MCAT (10 decks)

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