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Physics - Nucs Flashcards

1
Q

Mass number: A means what?

A

sum of protons (Z) and neutrons (N) within nucleus

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2
Q

If A is the same what’s that called?

A

Isobars

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3
Q

If Z is the same what is that called?

A

Z = Protons , Isotope

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4
Q

Transmutation is what?

A

Decay involving the change in the number of protons

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5
Q

What state is the most stable?

A

Ground State

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6
Q

Isomeric states are

A

Higher / excited states which are unstable

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7
Q

Excited states transform back to lower-energy states by what?

A

Gamma-radiation

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8
Q

Gamma rays are what?

A

Electromagnetic radiation from a nuclear process

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9
Q

What is the change between in the parent and daughter of A and Z after an isomeric transition

A

They are the same Mass number (A) and Atomic number (Z) is unchanged between parent and daughter

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10
Q

Isomeric states with long lifetimes are called?

A

Metastable

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11
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Isomeric

A

No change to A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

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12
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Beta Minus

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z + 1

N - 1

Nucleus emits electrons

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13
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Beta plus

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z - 1

N + 1

Nucleus emits positrons

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14
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Electron Capture

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A = no change

Z - 1

N + 1

Atoms emit characteristic x-rays

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15
Q

What happens to A/Z/N from a parent to daughter for the following transition?

Alpha decay

A

A (Mass number) Z (Atomic Number) N (Neutron number)

A - 4

Z - 2

N - 2

heavy nuclei (Z>82)

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16
Q

What nucs isotopes decay via electron capture?

A

67-Ga

111 - In

123 - I

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17
Q

What is activity?

A

transformations per unit time

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18
Q

What is the SI unit of activity

A

Becquerel = 1 nuclear transformation / second

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19
Q

Non-SI unit of activity

A

Millicuries 9MCi) 1 mCi = 37 MBq

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20
Q

How is activity related to the decay constant?

A

Directly proportional

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21
Q

What is the relationship between the decay constant (lambda) and the halflife?

A

T(1/2) = 0.69/(lambda)

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22
Q

What is effective half-life as related too Physical and biologic half-life

A

1/effective = 1/phsical decay + 1/biologic

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23
Q

What are the isotopes created by cyclotron?

A

Ga-67, I-123, F-18, In-111

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24
Q

What isotopes can be made from fission products?

A

I-131, Xe-133, Sr-90 Mo-99

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25
How do fission products decay
beta minus
26
Ga-67 Half life Photons Production Decay
78 hours 90,190,290,390 Cyclotron EC
27
Tc-99m Photons Production Decay Half Life
140 Generator IT - Isomeric transition 6 hours
28
IN - 111 Photons Production Decay Half life
173, 247 Cyclotron EC 68 hours
29
123 I Photons Projection Decay Half life
159 Cyclotron EC 13 hours
30
131 I Photons Production Decay Half - Life
364 Fission product Beta 8 days
31
What is specific activity?
Activity per unit mass (Bq/g)
32
How is Tc-99m obtained
Moly Mo99 generator
33
How is Rb82 obtained? Half life?
Sr-82 generator. 1.25 minutes
34
Starting with a fresh generator how long before equlibrium is reached between parent and daughter?
About 4 half-lives of the daughter
35
Half life of Mo99. How long is the generator useful?
66 hours (HL), and about 5 working days.
36
What is transient equilibrium? What is secular equilibrium? How long until they are reached?
When the parent is short lived When the parent is long lived ~ 4 (HL)
37
In nucs what is an example of: Active transport?
Thyroid Update I 123
38
In nucs what is an example of: Capillary blockade
MAA for lung perfusion
39
In nucs what is an example of: Compartmental localization?
Tc99m red cells for blood pool scanning
40
In nucs what is an example of: Compartmental leakage
Tc99 RBC GI bleed study
41
In nucs what is an example of: Diffusion
DTPA renal scan
42
In nucs what is an example of: Phagocytosis
Tc99m sulfur colloid for liver/spleen function
43
In nucs what is an example of: Physiochemical adsoprtion
Tc99 pyrophosphates for bone scan
44
In nucs what is an example of: Cell sequestration
111In leukocytes for spleen scan
45
In nucs what is an example of: Metabolism?
FDG pet
46
In nucs what is an example of: Neuroreceptor imaing?
F18-florbetaben
47
In nucs what is an example of: Antibiody reactions
TC-99m monoclonal antibiodies
48
What is the regulatory limit for moly breakthrough?
5.5 kBq moly per 37 MBq of Tc99m
49
How do you test for alumina breakthrough?
color paper
50
How do you check for radionuclide purity
Photopeak in spectroscopy (Mo in Tc)
51
How do you test for radiochemical purity?
Thin-layer chromatography (Free pertechnetate in 99mTc-DTPA)
52
What is chemical purity?
Amount of unwated chemical contaminants in the agent
53
What testing should be performed on radionuclides prior to administration to patients?
Sterility and pyrogen testing
54
What is the rate of adverse reactions in radiopharmaceuticals?
2 per 100,000
55
What is the photopeak for 123 - I?
160
56
What is the photopeak for Tc99m?
140
57
What is decetion efficiency as it relates to NaI?
% of incident gamma rays totally absorbed in the scintillator via photoelectric effect
58
How does increasing photon energy effect detection effiency?
decreases it.
59
How is photoelectric effect and energy related?
PE = 1/E^3
60
FWHM of Tc99M in a 10 mm NaI crystal is 14 KeV what is the energy resolution?
10% (140 KeV energy for Tc)
61
The PHA window is likely set to what?
Twice energy resolution
62
What is a well counter? What is is good for?
Sample is inserted into a well within the crystal. Identify radionuclides from photopeak energy Can also measure activity
63
What is an uptake probe used for?
Quantify radioiodine in patients
64
Iodine update is measured at once distance and what time after administration?
30 cm and 24 hours after administration.
65
What is a dose calibrator?
An ionization chamber, meausing dose in MBq or mCi
66
Administered dose must be within what of the perscrived dose?
20%
67
Dose calibrator response is checked how often and with what?
Daily, 137 Cs. Measurements should be within 5%
68
Accuracy of dose calibrators is checked when?
Installation and annually
69
Linearity of dose calibrators is checked when? How?
Quaterly. Decay of Tc99m over 72 hours or with lead cylinders to attenuate the signal.
70
How is location of interaction determined in a PMT system?
Pulse arithemitc circuit board
71
How do parallel hole collimators change the image size? How does it change with distence? What about resolution as a function of distance?
They don't. FOV stays the same with distance. Resolution drops dramaticlly with distance.
72
How do converging columnators affect image size?
They magnifiy it
73
How do diverging columnators affect image size?
They minify it
74
How do pin-hole collimators affect image size?
magnified and inverted
75
What are useful to use with a low-energy collimator? (Isotope wise)
99m-Tc and 123 I
76
What isotopes are good to use with a medium-energy collimator?
67 Ga and 111 In
77
In plannar imaging what is system reolution dominated by?
Collimator resolution
78
How is collimator sensitivity related to distance?
independent of distance.
79
How many counts are in a typical scintillation images?
500,000
80
What is the usual matrix size for nuclear medicine scintillation images?
64^2 or 128 ^2
81
What is the count/pixel roughtly in NM images?
100
82
Number of 140 Kev photons absorbed by a 10mm NaI crystal? (percent)
90%
83
Gamma camera energy resolution is changed how often?
Annually. Measured by FWHM

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