Physiological Basis Of Muscle Disorders

Question 1

What are the two types of muscle disorders

Answer 1

Genetic

Non-Genetic

Question 2

What are the different types of Genetic Muscle Disorders

Answer 2

Muscular dystrophy 
Storage myopathy 
Congenital Myopathy 
Familiar Periodic Paralysis 
Mitochondrial Diseases

Question 3

What are the different types of Non Genetic muscle disorders

Answer 3

Myasthenia Gravis 
Lambert- Eaton Syndrome 
Inflammatory Muscle Disease 
Drug Disorder 
Hormonal Disorder

Question 4

What are the known causes of muscle disorders

Answer 4

Injury or overuse 
Genetics
Some cancers 
Inflammation 
Nerve diseases that affect muscles

Question 5

Give examples of muscle disorders due to injury or overuse

Answer 5

Sprains- stretched or torn ligaments
Strains- stretched or torn muscles or tendons
Cramps and tendinitis

Question 6

Give an example of muscle orders due to genetics

Answer 6

Muscle dystrophy

Question 7

Give examples of muscle disorders due to some cancers

Give the type of muscles each cancer effects

Answer 7

Leimyoma (fibroids) and leimyocarcinoma (smooth muscles)

Rhabdomyoma (skeletal muscles)

Question 8

Give an example of a muscle disorder that is affected by inflammation

Answer 8

Myositis

Question 9

Give examples of nerve diseases that affect muscles

Answer 9

Huntington’s Disease (nerve degeneration )

Parkinson’s disease (CNS degeneration)

Question 10

What is Spasticity

Answer 10

A condition where certain muscles are continuously contracted

Question 11

What is the usual cause of spasticity

Answer 11

Damage to the part of the brain or spinal cord that controls voluntary movements

Question 12

Spasticity can interfere with Normal movement, speech and______

Answer 12

Gait

Question 13

What two diseases do 80% of patients experience spasticity

Answer 13

Cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis

Question 14

True or false, paralysis is only local

Answer 14

False, paralysis can be local or widespread

Question 15

What is the cause of paralysis

Answer 15

Fault my communication between brain and muscles

Question 16

Term used to describe Paralysis of the lower half the body, including both legs

Answer 16

Paraplegia

Question 17

Term used to describe paralysis of the arms and legs

Answer 17

Quadriplegia

Question 18

What is the main cause of paralysis

Answer 18

Strokes

Injury to spinal cord or broken neck

Question 19

What are other causes of paralysis

Answer 19

Bell’s palsy (affects muscles in face)

Polio

Question 20

What is the most common cause of muscular dystrophy

Answer 20

Gene mutation in the muscle protein dystrophin

Question 21

How is muscle dystrophy characterized

Answer 21

Muscle wasting and weakening

Question 22

The muscles breakdown and are replaced by _______

Answer 22

Fatty Deposits

Question 23

Give examples of muscle dystrophy

Answer 23

Becker’s MD

Duchenne’s MD

Question 24

In Becker’s MD, Dystrophin is ______, while in Duchenne’s MD Dystrophin is ________

Answer 24

Reduced

Absent

Question 25

__________, causes progressive muscle weakness and fatigability. Can be fatal by age 30/40

Answer 25

Myofibre necrosis

Question 26

_________, refers to a group of hereditary muscle disorders caused by specific enzymatic defects due to defective genes

Answer 26

Metabolic Myopathy

Question 27

What syndrome is an example of Metabolic Myopathy

Answer 27

McArdle’s Syndrome (myophosphorylase deficiency)

Question 28

What phenomenon is seen in McArdle’s Syndrome

Answer 28

Second wind

Question 29

What kind of genetic disorder is seen in McArdle’s Syndrome

Answer 29

Autosomal Recessive

Question 30

McArdle’s Syndrome causes an inability to breakdown _______, hence defect in sugar metabolism

Answer 30

Glycogen

Question 31

What disease causes a prolonged relaxation after voluntary contraction

Answer 31

Clinical Myotonia

Question 32

What is the cause of clinical myotonia

Answer 32

Abnormal Na+ or CL- channels

Question 33

What muscle disorder is associated with the warm up phenomenon

Answer 33

Clinical myotonia

Question 34

Clinical Myotonia can be triggered by ________ or made worse after ______

Answer 34

Cold or fatigue | Periods of rest

Question 35

What are the two types of congenital myotonia

Answer 35

Becker’s and Thomsens Disease

Question 36

True or false, both Becker’s and Thomsens Disease appears in childhood but Becker’s later

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Congenital Myotonia causes severe muscle stiffness mostly in males

Answer 37

True

Question 38

True or false, unlike Becker’s, Thomsen’s disease causes temporary attacks of muscle weakness in arms and hands brought on by movements after rest,l

Answer 38

False It is Becker’s

Question 39

True or false, mild permanent muscle weakness may develop over time in clinical Myotonia

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What Type of genetic disorder is familial periodic paralysis

Answer 40

Rare autosomal dominant condition

Question 41

What disorder causes sudden episodes of flaccid paralysis and loss of deep tendon reflexes and failure of muscle to respond to electrical stimulation

Answer 41

Familial periodic paralysis

Question 42

Where does Familial Periodic paralysis mostly affect

Answer 42

Limbs

Question 43

In familial periodic paralysis, weakness is often brought on by

Answer 43

Excercise | Eating too much or too few carbohydrates

Question 44

What are the four types of familial periodic paralysis

Answer 44

Hypokalaemic Hyperkalaemic Thyrotoxic Anderson-Tawil Syndrome

Question 45

What causes Hypokalaemic

Answer 45

Mutation in alpha-subunit of the voltage-sensitive muscle calcium channel (mostly) sodium channel gene

Question 46

What causes Hyperkalaemic

Answer 46

Mutation in the gene that encodes the alpha- subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel

Question 47

What causes thyrotoxic

Answer 47

Mutations and affected electrolyte channels in the thyrotoxic form are unknown but this form usually involves hypokalemia and is associated with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis

Question 48

What causes Anderson- Tawil Syndrome

Answer 48

Defect of inward- rectifying potassium channels; patients can have a high, low or normal potassium level

Question 49

Each form of familial periodic paralysis involves what two ways

Answer 49

Different genes | Electrolyte channel

Question 50

What is the etiology of Lambert- Eaton Syndrome

Answer 50

Antibodies against the presynaptic calcium channels of the neuromuscular junction Decreased acetylcholine release

Question 51

What is the sign/symptom of Lambert Eaton

Answer 51

Proximal muscle weakness that improves with repeated use

Question 52

Lambert Eaton Syndrome is associated with what Syndrome

Answer 52

Paraneoplastic Syndrome eg small cell lung cancer