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Physiology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

respiratory functions of RS (4)

A
  1. Filter warm and humidify air
  2. moves air to and from exchange surfaces
  3. provides gas exchange surface area between air and blood
  4. protect respiratory surfaces
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2
Q

non respiratory function of RS (6)

A
  1. Enhance venous return
  2. maintain acid base balance
  3. enable speech and other vocalization
  4. defense
  5. inactivate, activate, modify and remove materials passing through pulmonary circulation
  6. organ of smell
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3
Q

two main processes of respiration

A

inhalation and exhalation

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4
Q

both CVS and RS are involved

A

true

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5
Q

co2 and o2 transported by blood

A

true

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6
Q

from where to where is respiratory tract

A

nose to bronchi

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7
Q

what is the primary organ of respiration

A

lungs

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8
Q

from where to where lung extends

A

clavicle to diaphragm

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9
Q

apex of lung above clavicle

A

true

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10
Q

lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments

A

true

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11
Q

lobes of right and left name and number

A

right 3 sup, middle, inferior

left 2 sup , inf

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12
Q

left lung is smaller and narrower

A

true

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13
Q

what is pleura

A

serous membrane sacs surrounding lungs

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14
Q

what does visceral pleura cover

A

outer surface of lungs

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15
Q

what does parietal pleura cover

A

inner surface of thoracic wall

extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

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16
Q

what is pleural fluid

A

mucoid fluid between pleural layers made of ISF and protein

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17
Q

functions of pleural fluid

A

lubrication and pleural pressure

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18
Q

why is pleural pressure always negative

A

due to suction of excess fluid into lymphatic channels

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19
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

puncture in pleura so pleural pressure equals atmospheric so lungs collapse

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20
Q

two blood circulations in lungs and role of each

A

pulmonary circulation ; convey venous blood to lungs then oxygenated blood recieved by left side
bronchial circulation ; deliver oxygenated blood by bronchial artery from systemic circulation to tracheobronchial tree

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21
Q

nose lined by

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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22
Q

function of cilia in respiratory epithelium

A

warm, filter and defense

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23
Q

nose composed of

A

dorsum of nose , nasal cartilage and nostrils / nares

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24
Q

pharynx shared by what two systems

A

RS and GI

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25
oropharynx lined by
stratified squamous
26
what part of pharynx extend from base of tongue to esophagus
laryngopharynx
27
flood and air separated where
laryngopharynx
28
function of URT
filter, warm , humidify , protect and reabsorbs heat and water from expired air
29
from where to where lower RS
larynx to tertiary bronchioles
30
what is larynx made of
cartilagenous tube | Epiglottis, thyroid / adam , cricoid
31
function of larynx
protect glottis and provide passage to lower RS
32
trachea lined up with
pseudostratified ciliated coloumnar
33
trachea made of
15-20 c shaped cartilages
34
which main bronchus is wider
right
35
what fissures in right and left lobe
right horizontal and oblique | left only oblique
36
lobar bronchi number in right and left
right 3 and left 2
37
bronchiles then terminal bronchioles then respiratory then pulmonary lobule
true
38
do bronchioles have cartilage
no only smooth muscles
39
what are bronchioles controlled by
ANS , local chemicals and hormones
40
where is respiratory mucosa found
nasal cavity superior pharynx / nasopharynx superior portion of lower respiratory tract / trachea
41
where is stratified squamous found
inferior part of pharynx
42
where is simple squamous found
gas exchange surface / alveoli
43
conductive portion from where to where
nasal cavity to large bronchioles
44
respiratory portion from where to where
respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sac and duct
45
respiratory membrane or blood air barrier layers
alveolar cell layer epithelium fused BM of alveolar and capillary capillary endothelium
46
what factors decrease velocity of gas exchange
thickness of memb,. fibrosis and edema
47
what surround alveoli
extensive capillary network and elastic fibers
48
each alveolar duct ends in
cluster of alveoli (alveolar sac or saccule)
49
function of elastic fiber around alveoli
expand and recoil
50
name each type of cells in alveoli with %
type 1 alveolar (95%) type 2 alveolar (5%) macrophage (dust cells)
51
dead space types + describe each one
anatomical dead space; does not reach alveoli alveolar dead space; ventilated but poorly perfused physiological dead space : anatom.+ alveolar
52
tidal volume how much
500 ml
53
volume of air that does not participate in respiration
150 ml
54
atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by air surrounding body ( 760 mmhg)
55
intrapulmonary pressure or intraalveolar pressure
pressure by air in lungs that varies according to respiration process
56
intra- pleural or intra thoracic pressure
equal 756 mmhg
57
trans pulmonary / trans mural / recoil pressure
measure recoil tendency of lung and the greater the difference the lungs can expand more
58
what is external respiration
exchange of gases between blood, lungs and external environment across blood air barrier
59
what are the two processes of external respiration
pulmonary ventilation : air moving in and out of lungs | alveolar ventilation ; air moving in and out alveoli
60
what is internal respiration
between blood and tissues
61
what is alveoli lined with
alveolar fluid
62
what does water in alveolar fluid does
attracted to each other creating a surface tension which opposes alveoli expansion and cause collapse
63
the greater the alveolar surface tension the ..... the compliant of lungs
less
64
what overcomes surface tension
surfactant
65
what is surfactant made of
phospholipid , proteins and ions
66
what another name of surfactant
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
67
whenwill surfactant start to be released by type 2 alveolar cells
6-7 th month of gestation
68
how does surfactant decrease surface tension forces
form monomolecular layer between water and air so prevent air water interface
69
surfactant increase lung compliance and prevent alveolar collapse
true
70
what is lung compliance
capacity of lung to expand / elasticity
71
what is responsible that determine lung compliance
elastin, collagen and surface tension
72
what happens to compliance in fibrosis
decrease ( deposition of collagen )
73
what happens to compliance in COPD (emphysema )
increase ( loss of elastin)
74
what does law of laplace state
pressure in alveoli directly proportional to surface tension and inversely prop to radius
75
magnitude of collapsing (P) in bubble (alveolus)
2 x t / r
76
surfactant reduce surface tension in smaller alveolus more than larger
true
77
what factors affect ventilation
compliance and airway resistance

RS (13 decks)

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