Physiology 2

Question 1

what are the 4 driving forces of air flow

Answer 1

atmosphere lung pressure gradient
respiratory muscles
coupling between lung and thoracic cage
resistance of airways

Question 2

what is resistance and its equation

Answer 2

resistance is the force required to inflate or deflate lungs
R= pressure / air flow (Q)

Question 3

Relationship between resistance and air flow

Relationship between resistance and diameter

Answer 3

inverse

inverse

Question 4

respiratory pressure is always described relative to

Answer 4

atmospheric pressure

Question 5

for air to flow inside the lungs intrapulmonary pressure must be ….. than Patm

Answer 5

Less

Question 6

airway resistance mainly determined by

Answer 6

radius of conducting airway

Question 7

for air to flow outside the lungs intrapulmonary pressure must be ….. than Patm

Answer 7

more

Question 8

what controls contraction and dilation of smooth muscles in walls of bronchioles

Answer 8

ANS

Question 9

Pulmonary ventilation or respiratory minute ventilation is

Answer 9

volume of air that enters lung per minute

Question 10

direction of airflow is determined by difference between

Answer 10

atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

Question 11

number of breaths per minute RR

Answer 11

12

Question 12

Volume of air moved per breath (tidal volume)

Answer 12

500

Question 13

Pulmonary ventilation how is it calculated and what is the value

Answer 13

Tidal volume * RR = 6000 ml / min

Question 14

in inspiration what muscles contracts

Answer 14

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 15

what process of respiration is active and which one is passive

Answer 15

active ; inspiration

passive ; expiration

Question 16

what muscle when it contracts it increases the thoracic wall superior inferior dimension

Answer 16

diaphragm

Question 17

what muscle when it contracts it increases the thoracic wall anterior posterior dimension

Answer 17

external intercostal muscle

Question 18

volume of thoracic cage increase and lungs expand during inspiration

Answer 18

true

Question 19

decrease in intra pulmonary pressure to what value during inspiration

Answer 19

759 mmhg

Question 20

increase in intra pulmonary pressure to what value during expiration

Answer 20

761 mmhg

Question 21

negative intrapulmonary pressure pulls air into lungs during inspiration

Answer 21

true

Question 22

relaxation of inspiratory muscles during expiration

Answer 22

true

Question 23

volume of thoracic cavity increase during expiration

Answer 23

FALSE ( DECREASE)

Question 24

……..intrapulmonary pressure push air out of lungs during expiration

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

transpulmonary pressure is always

Answer 25

positive

Question 26

at the end of inspiration and expiration

Answer 26

intra alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure | air will continue to flow down pressure gradient until two pressures equilibrate

Question 27

throughout the cycle the intrapleural pressure is always ..... than intra alveolar pressure

Answer 27

less

Question 28

trans mural pressure gradient always exist so lung always stretched to some degree even during expiration

Answer 28

true

Question 29

what are the muscles of normal tidal inspiration

Answer 29

diaphragm external intercostal laryngeal muscles

Question 30

accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 30

sternocleidomastoid scalene serratus anterior pectoralis major and minor

Question 31

muscles of forced expiration

Answer 31

``` contract : internal intercostal abdominal muscles ( internal oblique , abdominal rectii and transversus abdominis ) relax : diaphragm and external intercostal ```

Question 32

during resting expiration

Answer 32

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal

Question 33

what happens to lung volume and pressure during expiration

Answer 33

lung volume decrease and pressure increase

Question 34

what are the two modes of breathing

Answer 34

quiet ( eupnea ) and forced ( hyperpnea)

Question 35

what is eupnea and two derivatives of it

Answer 35

active inhalation and passive exhalation diaphragmatic which is deep costal which is shallow

Question 36

what is hyperpnea

Answer 36

active inhalation and exhalation

Question 37

what is alveolar ventilation

Answer 37

rate at which new air reached alveoli

Question 38

during inspiration what happens to alveolar pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

Answer 38

less than atmospheric | (pull 0.5 L in )

Question 39

during expiration what happens to alveolar pressure relative to atmospheric pressure

Answer 39

more than atmospheric | push 0.5 L out

Question 40

how to calculate alveolar ventilation and its value

Answer 40

RR * (tidal volume - anatomical dead space) | 4200 ml

Question 41

what happens to RR and TC when demand for oxygen increase

Answer 41

both increase

Question 42

what is the difference between lung volume and lung capacity

Answer 42

lung volume ; directly measured by spirometer | lung capacity ; combination of different lung volumes

Question 43

tidal volume value and definition

Answer 43

500 ml | volume of air moved in and out of lungs during single cycle at rest

Question 44

inspiratory reserve volume ( IRV) value and definition

Answer 44

3000 ml | extra volume of air that can be inspired on top of tidal volume

Question 45

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) value and definition

Answer 45

1000 ml to 1100 ml | extra volume of air than can be actively expired by maximal expiration

Question 46

residual volume ( RV) value and definition

Answer 46

1200 ml | volume of air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration

Question 47

inspiratory capacity ( IC) value and definition

Answer 47

3500 ml | maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of quiet expiration (TV + IRV)

Question 48

functional residual volume (frv) value and definition

Answer 48

2200 ml to 2300 ml | volume of air that remains in lungs at the end of normal passive expiration ( ERV + RV)

Question 49

Vital capacity value and definition

Answer 49

4500 ml | maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath after maximum inspiration (TV +IRV + ERV)

Question 50

total lung capacity (TLC ) value and definition

Answer 50

5700 ml | maximum volume of air that lungs can hold ( VC + RV)

Question 51

what is forced vital capacity ( FVC)

Answer 51

you measure vital capacity when you forcefully exhale

Question 52

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

Answer 52

volume you forcefully exhale in one second

Question 53

pulmonary function test (PFT)

Answer 53

you use FEV1 and FVC to diagnose respiratory diseases

Question 54

when actual FVC is more than predicts and FEV 1 is more than 80 % this is a healthy individual

Answer 54

true

Question 55

what disease a person has if FVC is less than predicted

Answer 55

restrictive pulmonary disease

Question 56

what disease a person has if FEV1 is less than 80%

Answer 56

Obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 57

gas laws are principles that govern the movement of gas molecules

Answer 57

true

Question 58

inspired air is moistened and warmed and exhaled air mixes with air in anatomic dead space

Answer 58

true

Question 59

what is BOYLE law

Answer 59

pressure of gas inside molecule is inversely proportional to volume of container if temp and number of gas molecules remain constant (P1V1 = P2V2)

Question 60

What is DALTON law ( law of partial pressure )

Answer 60

p total = sum of partial pressure of each gas

Question 61

what is HENRY law

Answer 61

solubility of gas is directly proportional to pressure applied

Question 62

total atmospheric pressure is equal to and what is the % each gas makes

Answer 62

760 mmhg N2= 79 % (600 MMHG) O2 = 21% (160 MMHG)

Question 63

Gas diffusion depends on

Answer 63

partial pressure and solubility of gas

Question 64

what is the pressure of each gas in alveoli

Answer 64

``` PO2 = 104 PCO2 = 40 ```

Question 65

what is the pressure of each gas in pulmonary capillary before exchange

Answer 65

PO2=45 | PCO2=40

Question 66

what is the pressure of each gas in pulmonary capillary after exchange

Answer 66

PO2 = 104 | PCO2=40

Question 67

what is the pressure of each gas in expired air

Answer 67

``` PO2 = 120 PCO2= 27 ```

Question 68

what is the pressure of each gas in inspired air

Answer 68

PO2 = 160 | PCO2=0.3